This study investigated brain responses to verbal action mismatches (e.g. The brother
catches/*bites
the sister) and role relation mismatches (e.g.
The sister
catches
the brother
) in a ...picture-sentence verification task in Korean using event-related potentials (ERPs). EEG data collected from 30 native Korean speakers revealed a large N400 at the verb for the action mismatch, but an early negativity at the mismatched case-marker of the first NP as well as sustained negativity at the verb for the role mismatch. These results conform to the English-based data (i.e. Knoeferle et al., 2014. Different mechanisms for role relations versus verb-action congruence effects: Evidence from ERPs in picture-sentence verification. Acta Psychologica, 152, 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.08.004) in that the meaning of verb action and the thematic role relations involve different mechanisms in language comprehension. However, cross-lingustic differences were also found in terms of comprehenders' relative sensitivity to different linguistic features in individual languages (e.g. word order in English and case-marking in Korean). Implications of the findings are discussed regrading predictive processing in language comprehension.
► Two ERP experiments examine event knowledge activation during online language comprehension. ► A contextually anomalous word elicits a reduced N400 if related to the described event. ► The effect ...disappears when the discourse context is removed. ► Online language comprehension involves activation of event knowledge that violates the linguistic context.
Recent research has demonstrated that knowledge of real-world events plays an important role in guiding online language comprehension. The present study addresses the scope of event knowledge activation during the course of comprehension, specifically investigating whether activation is limited to those knowledge elements that align with the local linguistic context. The present study addresses this issue by analyzing event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded as participants read brief scenarios describing typical real-world events. Experiment 1 demonstrates that a contextually anomalous word elicits a reduced N400 if it is generally related to the described event, even when controlling for the degree of association of this word with individual words in the preceding context and with the expected continuation. Experiment 2 shows that this effect disappears when the discourse context is removed. These findings demonstrate that during the course of incremental comprehension, comprehenders activate general knowledge about the described event, even at points at which this knowledge would constitute an anomalous continuation of the linguistic stream. Generalized event knowledge activation contributes to mental representations of described events, is immediately available to influence language processing, and likely drives linguistic expectancy generation.
•Text summarization technique can extract essential information from online reviews.•Our method can identify top-k most informative sentences from online hotel reviews.•We jointly considered author, ...review time, usefulness, and opinion factors.•Online hotel reviews were collected from TripAdvisor in experimental evaluation.•The results show that our approach provides more comprehensive hotel information.
Online travel forums and social networks have become the most popular platform for sharing travel information, with enormous numbers of reviews posted daily. Automatically generated hotel summaries could aid travelers in selecting hotels. This study proposes a novel multi-text summarization technique for identifying the top-k most informative sentences of hotel reviews. Previous studies on review summarization have primarily examined content analysis, which disregards critical factors like author credibility and conflicting opinions. We considered such factors and developed a new sentence importance metric. Both the content and sentiment similarities were used to determine the similarity of two sentences. To identify the top-k sentences, the k-medoids clustering algorithm was used to partition sentences into k groups. The medoids from these groups were then selected as the final summarization results. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we collected two sets of reviews for the two hotels posted on TripAdvisor.com. A total of 20 subjects were invited to review the text summarization results from the proposed approach and two conventional approaches for the two hotels. The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the other two, and most of the subjects believed that the proposed approach can provide more comprehensive hotel information.
Sentence structure is crucial in language education. However, corpus-based research categorizing and quantifying sentence structures in Mandarin elementary textbooks are insufficient. To fill this ...gap, this study examined 18,081 simple sentences extracted from textbooks by three different publishers, categorizing them into 40 unique sentence patterns. The most prevalent patterns (S + V + O, S + V + O + V, and S + V + C) accounted for nearly 50% of the sentence structures in the corpus. The ensuing seven categories (S + V, “Shi” sentences, S + A, existence sentences, T + S + V + O, S + P + V + O, and “Ba” sentences) constituted approximately 85% of the total structures. These findings indicate a clear progression in sentence complexity with advancing grade levels, reflecting a pedagogical trajectory from simplicity to complexity. Despite examining various textbook versions, the study found minimal variation in sentence patterns across the three publishers. This research culminates with a proposed sentence lear
Subject–verb agreement errors are common in sentence production. Many studies have used experimental paradigms targeting the production of subject–verb agreement from a sentence preamble (The key to ...the cabinets) and eliciting verb errors (… *were shiny). Through reanalysis of previous data (50 experiments; 102,369 observations), we show that this paradigm also results in many errors in preamble repetition, particularly of local noun number (The key to the *cabinet). We explore the mechanisms of both errors in parallelism in producing syntax (PIPS), a model in the Gradient Symbolic Computation framework. PIPS models sentence production using a continuous‐state stochastic dynamical system that optimizes grammatical constraints (shaped by previous experience) over vector representations of symbolic structures. At intermediate stages in the computation, grammatical constraints allow multiple competing parses to be partially activated, resulting in stable but transient conjunctive blend states. In the context of the preamble completion task, memory constraints reduce the strength of the target structure, allowing for co‐activation of non‐target parses where the local noun controls the verb (notional agreement and locally agreeing relative clauses) and non‐target parses that include structural constituents with contrasting number specifications (e.g., plural instead of singular local noun). Simulations of the preamble completion task reveal that these partially activated non‐target parses, as well the need to balance accurate encoding of lexical and syntactic aspects of the prompt, result in errors. In other words: Because sentence processing is embedded in a processor with finite memory and prior experience with production, interference from non‐target production plans causes errors.
This study aims to determine the use of Indonesian sentence patterns and the level of effective use of Indonesian sentence in scientific papers of students of the Diploma Program III of Politeknik ...Negeri Bali. The method in this research is a qualitative method, while the method of collecting data in the form of documentation with qualitative descriptive analysis. From the results of effective sentence analysis can be mentioned: (1) the use of effective sentences in scientific papers students diploma program III shows the average value in each sample of 73.85, the highest value of 90.00 and the lowest of 43.48; (2) the use of effective sentences for each department indicates: Accounting Department 80,53, Civil Engineering Department 76.07, Administration Department 75.80, Tourism Department 72.44, Electrical Engineering Department 71.95, and Mechanical Engineering Department 71.22; (3) the results of the study in each study program group can be described: Accounting Department 80.53, UPW 79.70, Information Systems Department 79.04, Mechanical Engineering Department 77.70, Civil Engineering Department 76.07, Administration Department 75.80, Hospitality 67.14, Electrical Engineering Department 66.04, and TPTU 64.75; (4) and the results the study of effective sentence type indicate errors such as parallelism 142, efficiency 114, correspondence 61, austerity and parallelism 15, parallelism and correspondence 15, and logicality 3. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ability of effective sentences of the students is quite good.
Can a single adjective immediately influence message-building during sentence processing? We presented participants with 168 sentence contexts, such as "His skin was red from spending the day at the ......" Sentences ended with either the most expected word ("beach") or a low cloze probability completion ("pool"). Nouns were preceded by adjectives that changed their relative likelihood (e.g., "neighborhood" increases the cloze probability of pool whereas "sandy" promotes beach). We asked if participants' online processing can be rapidly updated by the adjective, changing the resulting pattern of facilitation at the noun, and, if so, whether updates unfold symmetrically-not only increasing, but also decreasing, the fit of particular nouns. We measured event-related potentials (ERPs) to the adjective and the noun and modeled these with respect to (a) the overall amount of updating promoted by the adjective, (b) the preadjectival cloze probability of the noun and, (c) the amount of cloze probability change for the obtained noun after the adjective. Bayesian mixed-effects analysis of N400 amplitude at the noun revealed that adjectives rapidly influenced semantic processing of the noun, but did so asymmetrically, with positive updating (reducing N400 amplitudes) having a greater effect than negative updating (increasing N400s). At the adjective, the amount of (possible) updating was not associated with any discernible ERP modulation. Overall, these results suggest the information provided by adjectives is buffered until a head noun is encountered, at which point the access of the noun's semantics is shaped in parallel by both the adjective and the sentence-level representation.
•We perform an assessment in 15 summarization methods.•We use 3 different data sets to evaluate all summarization method.•We point some ways about: how can summarization results be improved?
Text ...summarization is the process of automatically creating a shorter version of one or more text documents. It is an important way of finding relevant information in large text libraries or in the Internet. Essentially, text summarization techniques are classified as Extractive and Abstractive. Extractive techniques perform text summarization by selecting sentences of documents according to some criteria. Abstractive summaries attempt to improve the coherence among sentences by eliminating redundancies and clarifying the contest of sentences. In terms of extractive summarization, sentence scoring is the technique most used for extractive text summarization. This paper describes and performs a quantitative and qualitative assessment of 15 algorithms for sentence scoring available in the literature. Three different datasets (News, Blogs and Article contexts) were evaluated. In addition, directions to improve the sentence extraction results obtained are suggested.
Funzioni e criteri della pena Iacopo Santinelli
DNA Di Nulla Academia,
05/2023, Letnik:
3, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Avvertenza La giustizia ha un volto? E quale storia personale esiste dietro chi commette un reato? E, ancora, come la giustizia interviene sulla biografia di un imputato? Come, in caso di perdita ...della libertà personale, la giustizia modifica la fisionomia del condannato? Nella sezione Fisiognomica e biografia sono state accolte le relazioni dei giuristi che nel 2022 hanno partecipato al convegno di Ventotene: non saggi referati, ma contributi importanti per la diffusione della cultura giuridica che introducono riflessioni necessarie sull’applicazione delle misure cautelari (Antinori), sulle funzioni della pena (Santinelli), sulle istanze difensive (Sgroi), sul garantismo processuale (Truppa). Con questa sezione, arricchita da una riflessione su Dante e la responsabilità etica della letteratura di fronte al male (Anselmi), ci auguriamo di contribuire alla comunicazione pubblica della giustizia e, per dirla con Camporesi, del governo del corpo, perché ogni scelta individuale, dal reato al giudizio alla punizione, interessa individui in carne e ossa, siano essi colpevoli o innocenti.
•A meta-analysis investigated cognate facilitation in sentence contexts.•26 Studies included in low constraint analysis; 18 in high constraint analysis.•Significant cognate facilitation effects in ...both low- and high- constraint sentences.•Effect sizes were moderated by constraint, task, and by language of sentence stimuli•Results are discussed within the BIA+ model of lexical access and a new framework.
Research on bilingual sentence processing demonstrates effects of cross-language activation during lexical access. However, there are mixed findings regarding the ability of semantically-constraining sentences to eliminate non-selective effects. In a quantitative meta-analysis the magnitude of cognate facilitation was examined as a function of sentence constraint, task and language of the sentence native language (L1) versus second (L2) as moderator variables. Twenty-six studies met criteria for measuring cognate facilitation in low-constraint sentence contexts and 18 experiments for high-constraint sentence contexts. The weighted average effect size for both contexts was significant, but significantly smaller for high-constraint contexts. This provides evidence that semantic information from a sentence constrains cross-language lexical activation. Effect sizes were moderated by task and language of the sentence. Findings are discussed in terms of models of bilingual lexical access and a new framework for understanding the mechanism of sentence context effects is proposed.
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