Cilj. Cilj je rada prikaz razvoja metapodatkovnih standarda za opis građe – ili shema metapodataka – Kongresne knjižnice u Washingtonu, SAD, iniciranog ubrzanim razvojem tehnologije i rasta mrežnog ...okruženja u posljednjim desetljećima. Pristup/metodologija/dizajn. U skladu s ciljem rada, odabrani pristup svodi se na sažeti prikaz razvoja svakog metapodatkovnog standarda Kongresne knjižnice pojedinačno, s naglaskom na sheme metapodataka za opis građe knjižnične zajednice – MARC 21, MARCXML, MODS i MADS. Ovaj pristup omogućava autorima da detaljno analiziraju i ocijene trenutačno stanje metapodatkovnih standarda i njihovu evoluciju kroz vrijeme, kao i da identificiraju izazove i prilike za budući razvoj. Rezultati. Rad pruža sažeti pregled razvoja svakog metapodatkovnog standarda u Kongresnoj knjižnici pojedinačno, s fokusom na sheme metapodataka za opis resursa unutar knjižnične zajednice – MARC 21, MARCXML, MODS i MADS. Također se daje pregled razvoja shema metapodataka za opis izvora u srodnim zajednicama (EAD, VRA Core) te metapodatkovnih standarda za digitalne knjižnice namijenjenih arhiviranju i zaštiti (METS, PREMIS). U radu se raspravlja i o potencijalnim smjerovima daljnjeg razvoja metapodatkovnih standarda u Kongresnoj knjižnici, s osvrtom na projekte vezane za tehnologije semantičkog weba i povezanih podataka (BIBFRAME, MODS/RDF, MADS/RDF). Ističe se potreba za kontinuiranim poboljšanjem metapodatkovnih standarda kako bi se pružale bolje usluge korisnicima i uskladile s tehnološkim razvojem i potrebamakorisnika. Vrijednost. Rad pruža sveobuhvatan osvrt na razvoj metapodatkovnih standarda Kongresne knjižnice, što je iznimno važno za knjižničnu zajednicu i one koji se bave arhiviranjem i očuvanjem digitalnih izvora. Rasprava o mogućim pravcima razvoja metapodatkovnih standarda,posebno u kontekstu semantičkog weba i povezanih podataka, pruža uvid u buduće izazove i prilike za Kongresnu knjižnicu i širu zajednicu. Ovaj rad, u konačnici, pridonosi razumijevanju važnosti i složenosti metapodatkovnih standarda te njihova kontinuiranog razvoja u svjetlu brzih tehnoloških promjena.
Abstract
The aim of our work is to characterize a mortar with a cement/‘Ndoor’ composite binder. The ‘Ndoor’ of scientific name ‘Irvingia Gabonensis’ is a vegetal material used as food (glutinous ...sauce) in Nigeria and also in the region of the East, the South, the North-West and the South-West of Cameroon. It is in fact the kernels of wild mango. We determine experimentally the mechanical properties of a mortar modified by partial substitution of cement by an addition called ‘Ndoor’. In experimental campaign, we realize different formulations of mortar diversified by the dosage of cement and ‘Ndoor’, which were made in the form of prismatic specimens 4*4*16 cm
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. Compression tests were carried out, which allowed us to obtain the values of compressive strength and tensile strength. The results show that the ‘Ndoor’ improves the development of the mechanical resistances at the young age especially for values of substitution of the order of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%. As a complement to the tests, a modeling having a predictive character of the elastic behavior of a mortar elastic behavior of a composite cement/‘Ndoor’ binder mortar is done. For this purpose, we have mortar has two phases: the hydrated cement paste and the inclusions (sand and ‘Ndoor’). The elastic properties of the cement paste are determined by the self-coherent homogenization model. Knowing the elastic properties of the cement paste and the inclusions, those of the mortar are deduced by the diluted scheme model of ESHELBY. The results show that, in the presence of the ‘Ndoor’, as the mass ratio e/c increases, the Young’s modulus of the modified mortar decreases.
A string of AgCl/Bi
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TaO
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two-component composite was synthesized by hydrothermal and deposition-precipitation process initially. The photocatalytic activities of mixed-phase AgCl/Bi
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TaO
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were ...evaluated toward the decomposition of tetracycline (TC). Among these as-prepared materials, AgCl/Bi
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nanocomposites when the molar ratio of baked materials between AgCl and Bi
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was 1:5 presented the optimal photocatalytic quantum efficiency for TC dissociation (86.82%) with visible-light exposure, which was 1.69 and 2.38 folders higher than that of single Bi
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and AgCl, respectively. What is more, it illustrated that the photo-generated carriers were markedly isolated on account of the formation of heterojunction confirmed by EIS analysis. Meanwhile, radical trapping experiments implied that the photo-induced holes (h
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), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and superoxide radical (·O
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−
) were the major active species. The escalated photocatalytic activity could be ascribed to the unique construction of Z-scheme AgCl/Bi
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heterojunction, which could expedite charge separation and transmission, cement light absorption capability and retain the strong redox ability of photo-generated electrons and holes. Our finding suggests that AgCl/Bi
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TaO
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nanocomposites possess great potential for photocatalytic oxidation of residual TC in the wastewater effluents and the reported strategy can contribute to the development of novel high-performance photocatalyst.
Nove primerke živalskih fibul zgodnjelatenske sheme, ki so v prispevku podrobneje obravnavani, je glede na obliko osnovne sheme in značilen okras mogoče opredeliti kot samostojno vrsto. Ta je v ...okviru latenskih živalskih fibul iz Posočja ena izmed zgodnejših, datirana je v zadnjo stopnjo svetolucijske kulture (Sv. Lucija IIc). Po vzoru sočasnih južnoalpskih fibul zgodnjelatenske sheme z visokim lokom so jo razvile delavnice svetolucijske skupine, ki so prevzeto obliko obogatile z okrasom, značilnim za lokalne delavnice mlajšega halštatskega obdobja.
This paper presents new results on the spectrum on complex plane for discrete Sturm–Liouville problem with one integral type nonlocal boundary condition depending on three parameters: γ, ξ1 and ξ2. ...The integral condition is approximated by the trapezoidal rule. The dependence on parameter γ is investigated by using characteristic function method and analysing spectrum curves which gives qualitative view of the spectrum for fixed ξ1 = m1 / n and ξ2 = m2 / n, where n is discretisation parameter. Some properties of the spectrum curves are formulated and illustrated in figures for various ξ1 and ξ2. *The research was partially supported by the Research Council of Lithuania (grant No. MIP-047/2014).
In this paper, we consider quantitative optimization problems on decomposable discrete systems. We restrict ourselves to labeled trees as the description of the systems and we use weighted automata ...on them as our computational model. We introduce a new kind of labeled decomposable trees, sum-like weighted labeled trees, and propose a method, which allows us to reduce the solution of an optimization problem, defined in a fragment of Weighted Monadic Second Order Logic, on such a tree to the solution of effectively derived problems, defined in the same logic, on its components with some additional post-processing. The approach originates from a method, proposed first by Feferman and Vaught in 1959, which we adapt and generalize. We adapt the method to the case of (fragments of) Weighted Monadic Second Order Logic and generalize it to the case of sum-like labeled trees rather than disjoint union and product. The main result of the paper may be applied in the wide range of optimization problems, such as critical path analysis or project planning, network optimization, generalized assignment problem, routing and scheduling as well as in the modern document languages like XML, image processing and compression, probabilistic systems or speech-to-text processing.
V prispevku je opisana zasnova pomenskih shem, kot smo jih oblikovali v Leksikalni bazi za slovenscino v okviru projekta Sporazumevanje v slovenskem jeziku, in sicer za posredovanje ...leksikalnogramaticnih podatkov v slovarju v obliki stavcnih razlag in za strojno procesiranje slovenscine. Zasnova tovrstnih opisov izliaja iz dveh teoreticnih modelov: evociranja pomenov besed na podlagi t. i. shemske semantike v projektu Framenet (Fillmore idr. 2003) in na podlagi opisov stcn'cnih vzorcev po teoriji jezikovnih konvencij in moznosti njihove izrabe v projektu Corpus Pattern Analysis (Patrick Hanks 1994, 2004; Hanks in Pustojevsky 2005). Obe izhodisci smo pri oblikovanju pomenskih shem nadgradili z upostevanjem posebnosti slovenscine in glede na namebnost slovarske baze. Pri analizi prostorske informacije, kot je v stavcno oblikovanih pomenskih shemah razvidna iz semanticnih tipov, ki jih razumemo kot abstraktne zastopnike tipicnih leksikalnih zapolnitev na posameznih vezljivostnih mestih dolocenega glagolskega pomena, npr. ce PREDMET zaradi sile teznosti pade na nek PROSTOR ali POVRSINO, prileti tja iz zraka ali z visine, sino se osredotocili na tiste glagole oz. njihove pomene, pri katerih je mogoce na podlagi korpusne analize in z analizo besednih skic v orodju Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff idr. 2004) ugotoviti prostorsko determiniranost pomena. Logika pomenskega opisa, kot jo predstavlja Framenet (Fillmore in Sue B. T. Atkins 1998; Charles Fillmore idr. 2003),2 temelji na ugotavljanju potrebnih (jedmih in nejedmih) shemskih elementov za evociranje posameznih pomenov besede, ki jih je nato na podlagi skupnih oz. razlikovalnih elementov mogoce zdmzevati v semanticne okvirje oz. sheme. Tako npr. shema »Staranje« (ang. Aging) med drugimi vkljucuje glagolapostarati se, starati se ter pridevnik ostarel (ang. age, aging immature). Obvezni alijedmi element te skupine je »entiteta«, ki je podvrzena staranju, nejedrni, torej opcijski dementi pa so laliko se: »okoliscine«, »nacin«, »lokacija«, »rezultat« in »cas«. Ce skusamo pravilo zelo poenostavljeno prenesti na slovenski zgled, bi npr. v povedi: Pretirano je kadila, njen obraz se je hi poma postar ab zvezo njen obraz oznacili za »entiteto«, hipoma za »nacin«, pretirano je kadila pa za »okoliscine«, v katerih je entiteta podvrzena procesa staranja. Dokumentacija shemskih elementov po vzor Frameneta predvideva tudi opis njihove skladenjske realizacije.3 4 Kot pravita Atkins in Rundell (2008: 145), je framenetovski pristop najbolj primeren za raziskovanje obnasanja besed na podlagi korpusnih podatkov, ker omogoda dosledno analizo besedilnega okolja, likrati pa ne spregleda nobenega kljucnega pomenskega dejstva. Vprvi fazi izdelave LBS smo semanticne tipe zapisovali brez enotne taksonomije, saj gre za postopek, ki gaje potrebno resevati induktivno, tj. od posameznega (konkretnega kolokatorja) k skupnemu oz. abstraktnemu pomenskemu zastopniku. Poleg legaje bilo mogoce pricakovati, da bodo na zacetku abstraktni pomenski zastopniki zapisani z razlicnimi izrazi, saj je posamezne skupne pomenske imenovalce mogoce izraziti na vec nacin V dmgi fazi izdelave LBS sino zato posamezne semanticne tipe poenotili in izdelali stiristopenjsko taksonomijo. Kot hierarhicno najvisje smo dolocili t. i. (1) pomensko polje, ki vsebuje posamezne pomenske razrede, in sicer (1.1) pomenske tipe, (1.2) pomenske podtipe, (1.3) kolokatorske tipe in (1.4) konkretne kolokatorje. POMENSKA POLJA zastopajo vrimje pomenske kategorije, ki sluzijo zdmzevanju osnovnih pomenskih tipov. Ob zakljucku LBS so bila taka pomenska polja tri: (1) zivo bitje, (2) konkretna entiteta in (3) abstraktna entiteta. POMENSKI TIPI predstavljajo samostojne pomenske kategorije znotraj pomenskih polj in smo jih v pomenski shemi uporabljali za oznacevanje udelezencev, kadar besedilnih realizacij ni bilo mogoce natancneje opredeliti. POMENSKI PODTIPI dolocajo relativno samostojne pomenske skupine znotraj pomenskega tipa, KOLOKATORSKI TIPI pa natancneje opredeljujejo pomenske tipe ah podtipe, in sicer s konkretnejsimi predstavniki, ki pa so se vedno zastopniki vecje skupine sorodnih primerkov, medtem ko predstavljajo KOLOKATORJI v vlogi semanticni tipov konkretne leksikalne zapolnitve na udelezenskih mestih. Z njimi smo oznacejevali udelezence pri posameznih pomenih besede, kjer je realizacija pomena vezana na konkretno leksikalno zapolnitev. Taksonomijo semanticni tipov s prostorskim pomenom v pomenskih shemah LBS prikazuje Tabela 1. V LBS so glagoli oz. posamezni glagolski pomeni s prostorsko komponento obravnavani na tri nacine (a) v svoji udelezenski zgradbi, izrazeni v pomenski shemi, laliko vsebujejo semanticni tip, ki oznac prostorski pomen (gl. Labelo 1), ali pa je (b) prostorska komponenta vkljucena v stavcne vzorce, ki predstavljajo razlicne skladenj ske realizacije osnovnega stavcne vzorca v pomenski shemi, zdmzene pod skupni »prostorski« imenovalec: SMER ali LOKACIJA, npr. ce ZIVAL ali CLOVEK bega po PROSTORU, se po njem premika v razlicnih smereh, nmadno zato, ker je preplasen ali zmeden. Tretja (c) moznost je vkljucitev prostorske komponente v t. i. scenarijski del stavcn oblikovane pomenske sheme, ki prinasa tiste pomenske vsebine, ki pridejo do izraza v konkretnih sporocanj skill situacijah oz. v odnosu do in med udelezenci sporocanj a. Glede na to, da pomenska shema za posamezni glagolski pomen vkljucuje najsirsi stavcni vzorce, tj. tako skladenjsko in pomensko obvezna kot neobvezna dolocila in dopolnila, izrazena vsaj v vecini realnih besedilnih realizacij, je logicno, da se bodo v pomenski shemi zabelezeni semanticni tipi s pomenom prostora realizirali tudi na ravni stavcni vzorcev in se potrjevali s kolokacijami, ki vkljucujej besede s prostorskim leksikalnim pomenom, npr. begati po cem begati po hodnikih, sobi.
Managing quality during the development, operation, and maintenance of software(-intensive) systems and services is a challenging task. Although many organizations need to define, control, measure, ...and improve various quality aspects of their development artifacts and processes, nearly no guidance is available on how to select, adapt, define, combine, use, and evolve quality models. Catalogs of models as well as selection and tailoring processes are widely missing. A first step towards better support for selecting and adapting quality models can be seen in a classification of existing quality models, especially with respect to their suitability for different purposes and contexts. This article presents so-called comprehensive quality model landscapes (CQMLs), which provide such a classification scheme and help to get an overview of existing models and their relationships. The article focuses on the description and justification of essential concepts needed to define quality models and landscapes. In addition, the article describes typical usage scenarios, illustrates the concept with examples, and sketches open questions and future work.
Este documento presenta un análisis de los entrecruces que se usan en la configuración de los nueve estilos tejidos en sombreros de paja, producidos por la comunidad de Colón, Génova, Nariño, ...Colombia. Estos sombreros, se conocen bajo los nombres de Común, Pintao, Gallineto-Granizo, Fino, Cuadros, Calado o Huecos, Costeño o Vueltiao, Bandera y Ojo de Perdiz. La interpretación del pensamiento geométrico que se emplea para su diseño tuvo como referencia, entre otros autores, metodologías propuestas por Gerdes (1999) y Aroca (2009), que han sido aplicadas en el continente Africano y en Suramérica. Además, se estableció la existencia de una lógica de construcción, basada en estrategias de conteo y de organización que se evidencian en el entrecruce de las iracas o chullas. Se evidenció una evolución por medio de la aparición de nuevas técnicas, que implican modificaciones en el tejido básico conllevando a cambios en la lógica de construcción y como consecuencia, se generan nuevos diseños, que buscan responder a las necesidades de la sociedad actual. Los artesanos abordan la simetría en sus diseños, aplicando complejos procesos de estimación y de conteo, que se tratarán de mostrar. Las figuras simétricas corresponden a triángulos, cuadriláteros y hexágonos, que se organizan en franjas, que cumplen con propiedades de congruencia, de semejanza y de paralelismo, siendo éste un lenguaje de interpretación de los investigadores, que se valida en el momento de mostrar los resultados a comunidades académicas.This document presents an analysis of the interlaces used in the configuration of nine straw hat styles produced by the Colón - Génova community, Nariño, Colombia. These hats are known under the names of Común, Pintao, Gallineto- Granizo, Fino, Cuadros, Calado or Huecos, Costeño or Vueltiao, Bandera and Bird's-Eye. The interpretation of the geometric thought employed in the design of these hats had like reference, between other authors, the methodologies proposed by Gerdes (1999) and Aroca (2009), that have been applied in the African continent and in South America. Besides, the existence of a logic of the construction became established, based in count strategies and organization that become evident in the crossed of the iracas or chullas. The evolution techniques were evidenced, which imply modifications in the basic fabric bearing to changes in the logic of the construction, resulting in the generation of new designs that search to fulfill to the needs of the present-day society. Craftsmen discuss the symmetry in their designs applying complex processes of estimate and count, which are tried to show. The symmetric figures correspond to triangles, quadrilateral and hexagons organized in stripes that fulfill properties of congruence, similarity and parallelism, being this a language of the researchers interpretation validated upon showing the results to academic communities.
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