Landslides move a huge volume of materials from a place to another place. Moreover, landslides may lead sediment to increase in Downstream of the basin which can be a threat to the populations and ...may cause erosion, in addition to affecting the landscape of the region. In this article, the landslide of Moallem-Kalaye in Alamut basin, one of the main sub-basins of the Shahroud, is investigated. The basis of the identification and studying of Moallem-Kalaye landslide is on field studies and Phenomenological interpretation. In this regard, in addition to the morphometry of different forms inside the landslide, the authors have climbed the surrounding heights and examined the role of related landforms in the happening of the catastrophic disaster. The topography prior to the landslide was rebuilt by the ArcGIS software and the result topography was analyzed against the current status. Next, the volume of the moved materials was estimated. The amount of the materials extracted in the landslide, by raster calculation in ArcGIS. The landslide of Moallem-Kalaye with the width of 1.3 kilometers (the crown part of the landslide), the longitude of 1.6 kilometers, and the average depth of 80 meters has taken place in the conglomerate of the Andj, which has moved a sum of 91 million cubic meters. The existence of a conglomerate with a very steep slope and marl filled with water, has led a wide area of materials to move. The area of the surface of failure has been roughly 2.632 square kilometers, the materials have scattered on a surface of more than 13.5 square kilometers. Findings show that weaker landslides in the upper side, ruins the hydrological situations of the lower side, regions and provides the grounds for huge landslide.
Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a consolidated tool for detecting and monitoring ground surface displacements. The availability of satellite data with free access policy and high ...monitoring capabilities (in terms of resolution and acquisition frequency) is increasing. Moreover, the first continental displacement map of Europe will be freely available in quarter one 2022 by the latest Copernicus Service, the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS). The EGMS will provide ground displacement maps, updated every year, delivering valuable information to a wide range of users, such as public or governmental institutions, industry, academia, and citizens. This vast amount of information needs semi-automatic tools and methodologies to derive user-oriented products that can be easily used by land use and urban planning decision-makers, who are often unfamiliar with PSI. This work proposes a semi-automatic procedure to identify damage prone areas in urban environments from wide-area PSI displacement maps. The proposed method identifies the most significant Active Deformation Areas (ADAs) to calculate three products based on the displacement intensity gradient: the Gradient Intensity Map, the Gradient Vectors and Time Series, and the Potential Damage Map. These products allow identifying buildings and urban structures exposed to potential damage, which could be followed by a more detailed building-based vulnerability and risk assessment. The methodology has been applied to an area of the province of Granada (Andalucía, Spain) but it can be applied to any other urban environment where PSI displacement maps are available. To demonstrate the advantages and limitations of the proposed method, results are discussed in five coastal resorts (Cerro Gordo, Punta de la Mona, Marina del Este, Alfa Mar, and Monte de los Almendros), strongly affected by slope movements. The methodology allowed to derive 175 ADAs from about 200,000 measurement points. About 15% of the resulting area has been found to correspond to high or very high gradient intensity class, and 192 out of 633 buildings have been identified to be prone to moderate or high potential damage. A damage prediction test has been realized through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, based on a damage inventory map derived from field surveys. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology to localize damaged or potentially damaged buildings, substantially reducing the time of analysis.
•A step towards the automatic exploitation of satellite interferometric (InSAR) data.•Automatic exploitation of PSI to support a multi-scale geohazard risk management.•A methodology for the automatic exploitation of EGMS continental displacement maps.•Potential Damage Maps based on spatial gradients of velocity and angular distortion.•Regional scale detection of coastal landsides causing damages in Granada Region.
Extreme geomorphological and hydrometeorological events cause landslides (gravitational processes) in vulnerable and marginalized communities, where the risk and effects of a natural disaster reduce ...responsiveness to environmental adversities. In the state of Hidalgo (Mexico) exists dangers as slope instability and processes of massive removal of soil, but in some municipalities of the Sierra Otomí-Tepehua (SOT) does not exist a municipal instrument that provides information on high-risk localities. This study evaluated landslide risk in 220 localities located in three municipalities of the Sierra Otomí-Tepehua region (SOT) using information from the 2020 national census. A geospatial analysis was built in localities with landslide risk, further social vulnerability was evaluated in 33 localities located on hillsides, and the Social Vulnerability Index of Housing (IVSV) was determined. 109 localities with a high and very high level of social vulnerability were identified due to the physical condition of the dwellings located in areas with landslide risk. Finally, risk map of landslides was developed through multi-criteria analysis to focus on mitigate and prevent disasters in the most vulnerable localities of the SOT.
19.12.2018 tarihinde Menderes Masifi içinde, ayrışmış gnayslarda yer alan bir açık ocak madeninde büyük
ölçekli bir heyelan meydana gelmiştir. Hemen hemen şev yüzeyine paralel uzanan bir yenilme ...yüzeyi oldukça sığ
bir derinlikte gelişmiştir (Maksimum derinlik: 17 m). Duraysızlığın geliştiği şevin genel açısı 25° ve genel şev
yüksekliği ise 80 m′dir (Kotlar: 490 m – 410 m). Kayan malzeme miktarı ise yaklaşık 700×103 m3′tür. Açık ocaktaki
kaya şevlerinde duraysızlık tümüyle gerçekleşmeden önce kayda değer deformasyonlar meydana gelmiştir. Heyelan
oluşumu öncesindeki söz konusu şev hareketlerinin zamana bağlı olarak (2017–2018 yılları arası, 750 gün) izlenmesi
ve duraysızlığın nedenlerinin araştırılması bu çalışmada amaçlanmıştır. Hareket izleme çalışmaları sırasında günlük
ve saatlik yağış miktarları da ölçülmüş ve kaydedilmiştir. Jeolojik yapı ile duraysızlığın mekanizması arasındaki
ilişkiyi belirlemek için şev hareketi ölçüm verileri eş zamanlı yağış verileriyle birlikte “GeoMoS” bilgisayar
programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Önceden cevherin tavan bloğunda küçük ölçekli bazı şev duraysızlıkları
not edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan, gelişmiş yenilme yüzeyi boyunca, yeraltı suyu basınç değişimlerinin tetiklediği
daha büyük yer değiştirmeleri kapsayan yoğun yağışlı dönemler, cevherin tavan bloğunda meydana gelen büyük
ölçekli yenilmeyi ilerletmiştir. Kurak dönemlerde, şev hareketlerinin hızı ortalama 3.5 mm/gün′dür. 04.12.2018
tarihinde gerçekleştirilen üçüncü dekapaj çalışması nedeniyle açık ocakta şev hareketleri bir miktar ivmelenmiştir.
Şev topuğunda gerçekleştirilen kontrolsüz kazıya kadar (14.12.2018), şevin toplam bileşke yer değiştirme miktarı
100 cm artmıştır ve bu dönemde hareketlerin ortalama hızı 10 cm/gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Son olarak, topuk
kazısından duraysızlığın geliştiği tarihe kadar (19.12.2018), yoğun yağışların eşlik ettiği hareketin miktarı 160 cm/
gün olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Hareket izleme ölçümlerine göre şevin toplam bileşke yer değiştirmesi 10.5 m seviyesinde
gerçekleşmiştir. Ayrıca, duraysızlığın gelişimindeki farklı safhalarını tanımlamaya yönelik olarak bazı göstergeler de
belirlenmiştir. En önemli göstergeler yer değiştirmeler, topuktaki kabarmalar ve şev topuğuna yakın yüksekliklerde
meydana gelen makaslama deformasyon birikimleridir.
Dendrogeomorphology allows for annual dating of various hazardous geomorphic processes in afforested areas. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge about spatial extent of dated growth ...disturbances in the whole stems, which is a crucial factor for the selection of an appropriate sampling strategy. In this study, growth disturbances were analysed in the stems of five juvenile Norway spruces (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and five juvenile Common larches (Larix decidua Mill.) growing on a slope affected by mass-movements. The analysed growth disturbances were: i) reaction wood and ii) tree-ring eccentricity. The relationships between stem curvature and properties of the growth disturbances were studied to offer potential recommendations for sampling. It was found that reaction wood was consistently present at all stem heights in the given event tree ring. Angle extent of the reaction wood tended to decrease with successive tree rings, although an increase in angle extent was observed at higher stem heights (in the case of P. abies). Main direction of the reaction wood tended to be deviated mostly in a near-tilt direction. The properties of the reaction wood had weak associations with both tree-ring eccentricity and stem curvature. Overall, both tree species exhibited similar values of tree-ring eccentricity. Greater eccentricity values appeared mostly in the tilt sampling direction and one of two lateral sampling directions. There was not apparent pattern in the tree-ring eccentricity values observed at different stem heights. Overall, eccentricity had weak influence on stem curvature. To sum it all, both juvenile P. abies and L. decidua trees are good recorders of the two growth disturbances tested. However, differences in the sensitivity of trees to recording events in their annual ring series should be taken into account to achieve the greatest dating potential.
Extreme geomorphological and hydrometeorological events cause landslides (gravitational processes) in vulnerable and marginalized communities, where the risk and effects of a natural disaster reduce ...responsiveness to environmental adversities. In the state of Hidalgo (Mexico) exists dangers as slope instability and processes of massive removal of soil, but in some municipalities of the Sierra Otomí-Tepehua (SOT) does not exist a municipal instrument that provides information on high-risk localities. This study evaluated landslide risk in 220 localities located in three municipalities of the Sierra Otomí-Tepehua region (SOT) using information from the 2020 national census. A geospatial analysis was built in localities with landslide risk, further social vulnerability was evaluated in 33 localities located on hillsides, and the Social Vulnerability Index of Housing (IVSV) was determined. 109 localities with a high and very high level of social vulnerability were identified due to the physical condition of the dwellings located in areas with landslide risk. Finally, risk map of landslides was developed through multi-criteria analysis to focus on mitigate and prevent disasters in the most vulnerable localities of the SOT.
Mountain slopes in periglacial environments are affected by frost- and gravity-driven processes that shape the landscape. Both rock glaciers and rockslides have been intensively inventoried ...worldwide. Although most inventories are traditionally based on morphologic criteria, kinematic approaches based on satellite remote sensing have more recently been used to identify moving landforms at the regional scale. In this study, we developed simplified Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) products to inventory ground velocity in a region in Northern Norway covering approximately 7,500 km
2
. We used a multiple temporal baseline InSAR stacking procedure based on 2015–2019 ascending and descending Sentinel-1 images to take advantage of a large set of interferograms and exploit different detection capabilities. First, moving areas are classified according to six velocity brackets, and morphologically associated to six landform types (rock glaciers, rockslides, glaciers/moraines, talus/scree deposits, solifluction/cryoturbation and composite landforms). The kinematic inventory shows that the velocity ranges and spatial distribution of the different types of slope processes vary greatly within the study area. Second, we exploit InSAR to update pre-existing inventories of rock glaciers and rockslides in the region. Landform delineations and divisions are refined, and newly detected landforms (54 rock glaciers and 20 rockslides) are incorporated into the databases. The updated inventories consist of 414 rock glacier units within 340 single- or multi-unit(s) systems and 117 rockslides. A kinematic attribute assigned to each inventoried landform documents the order of magnitude of the creep rate. Finally, we show that topo-climatic variables influence the spatial distribution of the rock glaciers. Their mean elevation increases toward the continental interior with a dominance of relict landforms close to the land-sea margin and an increased occurrence of active landforms further inland. Both rock glaciers and rockslides are mostly located on west-facing slopes and in areas characterised by strongly foliated rocks, which suggests the influence of geological preconditioning factors. The study demonstrates the value of semi-quantitative InSAR products to characterise kinematic information at large scale and exploit the results for periglacial research. It highlights the complementarity of both kinematic and morphologic approaches for inventorying slope processes.
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The protection of cultural heritage from water-soil interaction related threats is a crucial challenge for the scientific community. Among the hazards threatening heritage buildings, slow-moving ...landslides have been recently found to produce significant damage to historic masonry churches. However, assessing the effects of these phenomena is very challenging, as detailed information about slow-moving landslide movements is not generally available. To tackle this problem, geotechnical analyses can be performed, which enable the landslide-induced soil displacement profiles to be predicted. In view of this, this paper investigates the effects of slow-moving landslides on historic masonry churches by performing geotechnical analyses on two case studies located in the Liguria region (Italy). For each case study, limit equilibrium (LE) and finite element (FE) analyses were carried out with reference to representative sections of the slope on which the building was located. Different scenarios of water table levels were also simulated to evaluate a potential evolution of the slope stability conditions towards failure. Finally, the damage level of the building under study was assessed through a damage criterion available in the literature and compared with the severity of the damage observed on site.
A full-scale landslide-triggering experiment was conducted on a natural sandy slope subjected to an artificial rainfall event, which resulted in mobilisation of 130 m
3
of soil mass. Novel
slope ...deformation sensors
(SDSs) were applied to monitor the subsurface pre-failure movements and the precursors of the artificially triggered landslide. These fully automated sensors are more flexible than the conventional inclinometers by several orders of magnitude and therefore are able to detect fine movements (< 1 mm) of the soil mass reliably. Data from high-frequency measurements of the external bending work, indicating the transmitted energy from the surrounding soil to these sensors, pore water pressure at various depths, horizontal soil pressure and advanced surface monitoring techniques, contributed to an integrated analysis of the processes that led to triggering of the landslide. Precursors of movements were detected before the failure using the horizontal earth pressure measurements, as well as surface and subsurface movement records. The measurements showed accelerating increases of the horizontal earth pressure in the compression zone of the unstable area and external bending work applied to the slope deformation sensors. These data are compared to the pore water pressure and volumetric water content changes leading to failure.
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