•A multiplex RT-PCR was standardized for Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV) and group Allexivirus.•The protocol could detect the viruses ...even at a dilution of 10−3 of RNA.•The technique was equally efficient for all parts of the plant.•Distribution and combination of viruses were found to vary in different garlic accessions.
Indian garlic is infected with Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV) and allexiviruses. Identity and distribution of garlic viruses in various garlic accessions from different geographical regions of India were investigated. OYDV and allexiviruses were observed in all the garlic accessions, while SLV and GarCLV were observed only in a few accessions. A multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method was developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of OYDV, SLV, GarCLV and Allexivirus infecting garlic accessions in India. This multiplex protocol standardized in this study will be useful in indexing of garlic viruses and production of virus free seed material.
Virus fitopatógenos en insectos asociados al ajo García-Rodríguez, Octavio Gustavo; Pérez-Moreno, Luis; Navarro-León, Martha Juana ...
Revista Chapingo. Serie horticultura,
08/2014, Letnik:
20, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
La propagación vegetativa del ajo (Allium sativum) es la principal vía de transmisión de virus para este cultivo. No obstante, no se debe descartar la dispersión por insectos vectores. El objetivo ...del presente estudio fue detectar, mediante la prueba de ELISA, la presencia de virus en insectos colectados en plantas de ajo. El experimento se llevó a cabo durante el ciclo Otoño-Invierno 2008-2009. La toma de muestras de insectos se realizó en tres fechas después de la siembra. La identificación de las especies de insectos se realizó utilizando un estereomicroscopio Zeiss de 30X y claves taxonómicas. La detección de virus fue mediante la técnica de DAS-ELISA para los potyvirus Virus del rayado amarillo del puerro (Leek yellow spot virus: LYSV) y Virus del enanismo amarillo de la cebolla (Onion yellow dwarf virus: OYDV); los carlavirus Virus latente común del ajo (Garlic common latent virus: GCLV) y Virus latente del chalote (Shallot latent virus: SLV); y el tospovirus Virus del manchado amarillo del iris (Iris yellow spot virus: IYSV). Se identificaron 19 especies de insectos, de los que destacaron Thrips tabaci Lindeman, como positivo en 18 muestras para GCLV y dos muestras para IYSV, y Collops quadrimaculatus, como positivo en una muestra para GCLV.
The Czech collection of shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) genetic resources (122 accessions) was surveyed for the presence of four different viruses, i.e. Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow ...stripe virus, Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), and Shallot latent virus, by DAS-ELISA. The shallot seems to be resistant against GCLV because none of the tested plants was infested by this virus. Other three viruses were found with an incidence ranging from 53% to 93% for genotypes and 48% to 87% for plants. Most of the tested shallot genotypes were simultaneously infected with two or three viruses. These results were compared with neighbouring collection of garlic where all four viruses were found widespread with an incidence ranging from 65% to 83% for genotypes and 39% to 61% for plants.
The Satellite Launch Vehicle electrical network, which is currently being developed in Brazil, is sub-divided for analysis in the following parts: Service Electrical Network, Controlling Electrical ...Network, Safety Electrical Network and Telemetry Electrical Network. During the pre-launching and launching phases, these electrical networks are associated electrically and mechanically to the structure of the vehicle. In order to succeed in the integration of these electrical networks it is necessary to employ techniques of electrical power distribution, which are proper to Launch Vehicle systems. This work presents the most important techniques to be considered in the characterization of the electrical power supply applied to Launch Vehicle systems. Such techniques are primarily designed to allow the electrical networks, when submitted to the single-phase fault to ground, to be able of keeping the power supply to the loads.
Razprava je posvečena 200-letnici rojstva Mihaila Ju. Lermontova in prinaša motivno tematski in idejni oris njegovega pesniškega ustvarjanja s posebnim ozirom na prehod iz romantičnega modeliranja ...sveta v realizem. Kot pomembno prelomnico v ustvarjanju izpostavi obdobje med zgodnjo in zrelo liriko, ki ga zaznamuje epikurejsko-frivolno ter opolzko, malodane pornografsko ustvarjanje - 'junkerske poeme' in pesnitev Mongo.
In the previous work (Akram and Rehman Numer. Algor.
62
527–540
2013
), Akram and Rehman presented the reproducing kernel method (RKM) for solving various eighth order boundary value problems. ...However, an effective error estimation for this method has not yet been discussed. This work is devoted to deal with this problem. Some other aspects of the RKM will be considered such as convergence analysis and numerical implementations.
Das neue unionale Datenschutzrecht ist, entgegen mancher Befürchtung, kein law of everything. Vielmehr müssen unterschiedliche Rechtsmaterien ineinandergreifen, um eine sachgerechte Regelungsstruktur ...im Schnittbereich von Datenschutzrecht und Privatrecht aufzubauen. Philipp Hacker bestimmt das Verhältnis dieser Rechtsmaterien, insbesondere von DS-GVO und BGB. Denn die Verschränkung unterschiedlicher Technologieformen fordert mehr denn je ein rechtsbereichsübergreifendes Verständnis von juristischer Dogmatik und ein interdisziplinär fundiertes Konzept von Regulierung. Auf Basis des geltenden Rechts entwirft er ein integriertes Marktordnungsrecht für digitale Austauschverhältnisse. Die Untersuchung schließt mit Reformperspektiven, die aufzeigen, wie die informierte Einwilligung durch eine technologische ersetzt werden kann, um eine privatautonome Gestaltung von Rechtsverhältnissen unter den Bedingungen der digitalen Wirtschaft zu ermöglichen. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Wissenschaftspreis der Deutschen Stiftung für Recht und Informatik 2020 ausgezeichnet.
It is known that the implied volatility skew of Forex (FX) options demonstrates a stochastic behaviour which is called stochastic skew. In this paper, we create stochastic skew by assuming the ...spot/instantaneous variance (InV) correlation to be stochastic. Accordingly, we consider a class of Stochastic Local Volatility (SLV) models with stochastic correlation where all drivers - the spot, InV and their correlation - are modelled by processes. We assume all diffusion components to be fully correlated, as well as all jump components. A new fully implicit splitting finite-difference scheme is proposed for solving forward PIDE which is used when calibrating the model to market prices of the FX options with different strikes and maturities. The scheme is unconditionally stable, of second order of approximation in time and space, and achieves a linear complexity in each spatial direction. The results of simulation obtained by using this model demonstrate the capacity of the presented approach in modelling stochastic skew.
This paper obtains a searching least value (SLV) method for a class of fourth-order nonlinear boundary value problems is investigated. The argument is based on the reproducing kernel space
W
5
0
,
1
...
. The approximate solutions
u
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(
x
)
and
u
n
(
k
)
(
x
)
are uniformly convergent to the exact solution
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(
x
)
and
u
(
k
)
(
x
)
(
k
=
1
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2
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3
,
4
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respectively. Numerical results are verified that the method is quite accurate and efficient for this kind of problem.
Earlier NMR studies showed that the polyisoprenols (PIs) dolichol (C95), dolichylphosphate (C95-P) and undecaprenylphosphate (C55-P) could alter membrane structure by inducing in the lamellar ...phospholipid (PL) bilayer a nonlamellar or hexagonal (HexII) structure. The destabilizing effect of C95 and C95-P on host fatty acyl chains was supported by small angle X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Our present 1H- and 31P-NMR studies show that the addition of a polyisoprenol recognition sequence (PIRS) peptide to nonlamellar membranes induced by the PIs can reverse the hexagonal structure phase back to a lamellar structure. This finding shows that the PI:PIRS docking complex can modulate the polymorphic phase transitions in PL membranes, a finding that may help us better understand how glycosyl carrier-linked sugar chains may traverse membranes. Using an energy-minimized molecular modeling approach, we also determined that the long axis of C95 in phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes is oriented ∼ parallel to the interface of the lipid bilayer, and that the head and tail groups are positioned near the bilayer interior. In contrast, the phosphate head group of C95-P is anchored at the PC bilayer, and the angle between the long axis of C95-P and the bilayer interface is about 758, giving rise to a preferred conformation more perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer. Molecular modeling calculations further revealed that up to five PIRS peptides can bind cooperatively to a single PI molecule, and this tethered structure has the potential to form a membrane channel. If such a channel were to exist in biological membranes, it could be of functional importance in glycoconjugate translocation, a finding that has not been previously reported.
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