In 2005, a survey was conducted to identify virus diseases on victory onion, Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum grown in Ulleung island located in the East Sea. A total of 61 samples were collected ...from victory onion in the neighborhood of Seonginbong. The identification of viruses from the samples were carried out by electron microscopy and RT-PCR using primers species specific to GCLV, LYSV, SLV, OYDV and genus specific to Allexivirus, respectively. From sixty-one samples, filamentous rod particles (600-900 nm) were detected from four victory onion samples in EM, three samples containing SLV and one sample containing both SLV and Allexivirus in RT-PCR analysis, respectively. Victory onions naturally infected by the viruses were asymptomatic apparently. The viruses detected by RT-PCR were further characterized by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the coat protein region. Three isolates of SLV showed approximately 99% identities in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, suggesting that they were likely to be the same strain. On the other hand, they showed approximately 75.7~83.7% identities in the nucleotide and 89.2~97.0% in amino acid sequences compared with the previously reported SLV isolates in Allium. The CP gene of the Allexivirus showed approximately 99.2% nucleotide identities and 98.8% amino acid identities with Garlic virus A. However, there was relatively low homology ranging from 60.6% to 81.5% compared with other Allexiviruses (GarV-C, GarV-E, GarV-X, GMbMV, and Shal-X). These data suggested that two viruses, SLV and GarV-A identified from victory onion, are named SLV-Ulleungdo and GarV-A-Ulleungdo, respectively. This is the first report of viruses infecting victory onion.
SYBR Green real‐time RT‐PCR assay was developed and optimized for the sensitive detection of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), ...Shallot latent virus (SLV) and Mite‐borne filamentous virus (MbFV). The polyvalence of the designed primers was tested on 50 genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) which originated from different countries. Plasmid standards were prepared and used as positive standards. The efficiencies of all reactions were 97, 93, 99, 98 and 87% for OYDV, LYSV, SLV, GCLV and MbFV standards, respectively. The detection limit for OYDV, LYSV and GCLV was as low as five gene copies, for SLV it was 15 gene copies and for MbFV it was 130 gene copies. In comparison with ELISA, more virus‐positive garlic accessions were detected with LYSV and GCLV by SYBR Green‐based real‐time RT‐PCR assay. This method was shown to be a more suitable tool for the detection of highly variable pathogens, such as garlic viruses.
The Satellite Launch Vehicle electrical network, which is currently being developed in Brazil, is sub-divided for analysis in the following parts: Service Electrical Network, Controlling Electrical ...Network, Safety Electrical Network and Telemetry Electrical Network. During the pre-launching and launching phases, these electrical networks are associated electrically and mechanically to the structure of the vehicle. In order to succeed in the integration of these electrical networks it is necessary to employ techniques of electrical power distribution, which are proper to Launch Vehicle systems. This work presents the most important techniques to be considered in the characterization of the electrical power supply applied to Launch Vehicle systems. Such techniques are primarily designed to allow the electrical networks, when submitted to the single-phase fault to ground, to be able of keeping the power supply to the loads.
Eine Pflichtlektüre für alle, die die Edeka-Tengelmann Fusion verfolgen. Und für alle Kartellrechtler, die mit vorgelagerten Märkten und Nachfragemacht zu tun haben. Neben dem Einzelhandel und ...Zuliefermärkten ist auch die öffentliche Hand eine typische Fallgruppe von Nachfragemacht. Der Autor beleuchtet den Schutz des Lieferanten im deutschen, europäischen und US-amerikanischen Kartellrecht. Ergänzend zeigt er auf, dass auch ökonomische Untersuchungen keine positiven Auswirkungen von Nachfragemacht nachweisen können. Qualität, Quantität und dynamische Parameter leiden. Auch spricht der normative kartellrechtliche Zweck für einen gleichberechtigten Schutz von Anbietern und Verbrauchern. Mit seiner Argumentation auf hohem wissenschaftlichen Niveau kommt der Autor zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Kartellrecht einen Schutz der Marktgegenseite bezweckt – unabhängig davon ob es sich um Anbieter oder Nachfrager handelt.
Die Arbeit untersucht den internationalen und unionsrechtlichen Rahmen von urheberrechtlichen Schrankenbestimmungen und zeigt Umsetzungsspielräume für den nationalen Gesetzgeber auf. Sie untersucht ...ausschließlich die Rechtsfolgenseite von ausgleichspflichtigen Schrankenbestimmungen und legt den Fokus auf individuelle und vertragliche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Dogmatische Grundlagen in InfoSocRL, UrhG, BGB und VGG werden unter Beachtung der grundrechtlichen Vorgaben (GG, GRCh) dargelegt. Die Arbeit setzt sich mit der aktuellen Diskussion um eine Verlegerbeteiligung im Rahmen von § 63a UrhG auseinander. Abschließend wird eine Änderung des § 63a UrhG empfohlen, damit die Ausgestaltung der gesetzlichen Vergütungsansprüche den Interessen von Urhebern, Verwertern und Nutzern besser gerecht werden kann.Die Arbeit ist sowohl für Urheber, Verwerter und Verwertungsgesellschaften von praktischer Bedeutung.
The Czech collection of garlic genetic resources (648 accessions) was surveyed by DAS-ELISA for the presence of four different viruses, namely Onion yellow dwarf virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, ...Garlic common latent virus, and Shallot latent virus. All viruses were widespread in the collection with an incidence ranging from 65 to 83% for genotypes and 39 to 61% for plants. Most of the genotypes tested were infected with two to four viruses.
This work is focused on the analysis of some relevant aspects involved in the solid–vapor–liquid (SVL) equilibrium modeling at high pressure: the parameter estimation of cubic equations of state ...commonly used in the literature and the application of a stability test to accomplish the calculations. Conversely to the current literature, it is shown in this work that the proposed scheme for phase equilibrium calculations coupled with a stability test enable computation of all SVL systems using a unified and efficient strategy. For this purpose, three systems presented in the literature were used as problem examples to demonstrate the success of the approach developed. The results indicate that the proposed methodology allows fast computations and provide reliable results for SVL equilibrium systems at high pressures.
Die Arbeit untersucht das mit der Verbreitung strafrechtlicher Sanktionen für Kartellrechtsverstöße verbundene Konfliktpotenzial auf internationaler Ebene und beleuchtet dabei insbesondere die ...Gefahren, die sich aus dem parallelen Eingreifen mehrerer nationaler Kartellstrafregime auf einen internationalen Kartellverstoß ergeben. Dabei werden vorgelagert die auf strafrechtlicher und auf kartellrechtlicher Seite bestehenden internationalen Kooperations- und Koordinierungsmechanismen auf ihre Verfügbarkeit bei der Durchsetzung nationaler Kartellstraftatbestände hin untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang wird unter anderem ein umfassendes Lösungsmodell dazu entwickelt, inwieweit die Staatsanwaltschaften der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten den Instrumenten der europäischen Kartellverfahrensverordnung (Verordnung 1/2003) unterliegen und wann ein nationaler Straftatbestand als „einzelstaatliches Wettbewerbsrecht“ im Sinne dieser Verordnung anzusehen ist.
...subject 7, a non-carrier, does not have the conserved alleles at any of the loci. ...Neuhausen et al determined that the mutation occurred around 1235 CE (90% confidence interval ranging from 396 ...to 1536 CE) based on the 500 kb conserved region that they found centromeric to the mutation. 4 Although one of our previous studies narrowed down the conserved region to 200 kb, suggesting that the mutation is actually older, 11 its origin is still likely more recent than the last dispersion of the Jews in the Diaspora, estimated to be around 70 CE.\n 14 Ah Mew et al speculated that the Chilean family in their study most probably has Sephardic ancestry because the family established in Chile before the most recent Ashkenazi Jewish immigration to the Americas (late 1800s to early 1900s).
This paper discusses one of the state-of-the-art guidance laws developed for Satellite Launch Vehicles known as the Iterative Guidance Mode (IGM). The purpose of this paper is to compare the results ...of IGM with a benchmark optimal solution to check its optimality and to check whether it is implementable in real-time. SLVs are used to carry and inject payloads into their designated orbits. Since there can be many unpredictable disturbances during the flight such as variations in performance of the propulsion system, vehicle mass and atmospheric uncertainties, a guidance law is therefore necessary to ensure the successful injection of the payload into its orbit. In this paper, the IGM algorithm is implemented in its original form in an exo-atmospheric phase along a three-dimensional trajectory. The benchmark solution is developed using an indirect method from optimal control theory which uses Pontryagin's minimum principle. Various assumptions are made in order to simplify the problem. The closed-loop guidance simulations are carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The results and the comparison with benchmark solution show that IGM gives near-optimal results. A Monte-Carlo analysis is also performed to evaluate its performance in the presence of various perturbations and it is shown that IGM retains its optimality under nominal and off-nominal flight conditions and the execution time for a single guidance loop shows that IGM can be implemented in real-time.
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