Svrha: Željeli smo istražiti i procijeniti učinak ponovljenih mikrovalnih dezinfekcija na dimenzijsku stabilnost akrilatnih proteza. Materijali i metode: Testirane su tri grupe proteza napravljene od ...toplinski polimerizirajućeg akrilata. Prva skupina – kontrolna, čuvala se u hladnoj vodi. Druga skupina proteza svaki je dan bila podvrgnuta mikrovalnoj dezinfekciji u vodi (mokra dezinfekcija), a treća skupina proteza nije se uranjala u vodu (suha dezinfekcija). Mjerenja su obavljena na tri referentne točke i to u dva puta: nakon stvrdnjavanja akrilata i 24-satnog uranjanja, te poslije tjedan dana. Dobiveni podatci analizirani su jednosmjernom analizom varijabilnosti (ANOVA)
i Scheffeovim testom višestrukih raspona. Rezultati: Rezultati su pokazali da mokra i suha mikrovalna dezinfekcija uzrokuju iste dimenzijske promjene (skvrčavanje). Proteze koje su bile podvrgnute mokroj dezinfekciji najviše su se skvrčile (p < 0,05). Zaključak: Mikrovalna dezinfekcija može prouzročiti dimenzijske promjene (skvrčavanje) na akrilatnim protezama. Mikrovalna suha dezinfekcija može biti svakodnevna jer ne uzrokuje klinički značajne dimenzijske promjene.
The article critically evaluates The Three Lives of Antigone, Slavoj Zizek's first dramatic work. Zizek's polemical rewriting of Sophocles's tragedy is examined in the broader perspective of Zizek's ...philosophy and other Antigones: those of Sophocles, Anouilh and Brecht. Slavoj Zizek has interpreted Sophocles' Antigone in numerous philosophical works. In his earlier treatises, he mainly gave a cautious summary of Hegel's, Heidegger's and Lacan's theses on Antigone; lately, however, Zizek's attitude to Sophocles's Antigone has grown decidedly negative. The main point in Zizek's critique of Sophocles' tragedy is that his Antigone is not an appropriate symbol of genuine social revolt. Based on this conviction, Zizek contrived his own version of Antigone with an alternative ending in which the choir carries out a revolution and condemns Antigone to death. Zizek's dramatic project fails to convince; rather, it reveals both the author's dramaturgical awkwardness and his unfamiliarity with some prominent philological and literary interpretations of Greek tragedy. The central political message of Zizek's play and its conceptual background is also poor: It is essentially a superficial apology for political violence, which can ultimately only be understood as a veiled defense of the political status quo.
Svrha: Ovim istraživanjem in vitro željelo se utvrditi i usporediti razinu i dinamiku otpuštanja fluorida u trima najnovijim materijalima za ispune. Materijali i postupci: Otpuštanje fluorida mjerilo ...se u kompozitu GC Kalore, staklenom ionomernom cementu GC Equia i giomeru Shofu Beautifil II. Od svakog materijala pripremljeno je 20 diskova (promjera 8 mm, debljine 2 mm). Mjerenje se obavljalo 10 tjedana ion-selektivnom elektrodom (ORION EA 940). Za statističku obradu dobivenih rezultata odabrana je metoda linerane regresije. Rezultati: Kompozit GC Kalore otpustio je 1,29 ppm F- tijekom 10 tjedana ispitivanja. Otpuštanje fluorida smanjilo se i nakon četiri tjedna više se nije moglo izmjeriti ion-selektivnom elektrodom. Stakleni ionomerni cement GC Equia otpustio je najviše fluoridnih iona (24,512 ppm F-) i to u prva 24 sata (6,851 mgF- /L). Giomer Shofu Beautifil II otpustio je 4,685 ppm F-. Zaključak: Ispitivani giomer otpustio je više fluorida od kompozitnog materijala i zato se može preporučiti kao materijal izbora za estetske ispune kod kojih je važan i preventivni učinak na karijes.
Svrha istraživanja bila je izmjeriti i usporediti unutarnju stabilnost boje triju svjetlosnopolimerizirajućih materijala i jednoga kemijski stvrdnjavajućeg nakon njihova ubrzanog starenja. Materijali ...i metode: Testovi za stabilnost boja obavljeni su na svjetlosnopolimerizirajućim kompozitima – nanopunjenju Filtek Supreme XT (3M ESPE), nanohibridu Tetric Evo Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) i mikrohibridu Herculite XRV (Kerr) te na samopolimerizirajućem kompozitu Bisfil II (Bisco). Svi uzorci bili su uronjeni u destiliranu vodu (37°C) i držani u tamnoj posudi 24 sata. Nakon toga podijeljeni su u tri skupine. Postupak ubrzanog starenja proveden je prema dvama protokolima – u vodenoj kupelji na 60°C i prema ISO-u 7491. Uzorci iz kontrolne skupine držani su u destiliranoj vodi 30 dana na temperaturi od 37°C. Razlike u boji – ΔE, računale su se iz koordinata CIE L*a*b* izmjerenih spektrofotometrom nasuprot bijeloj pozadini prije postupka starenja uzoraka i poslije njega. Razina osjetljivosti boje postavljena je na 1, a prihvatljivi šum na 3,5. Statistička analiza obavljena je uparenim t-testom i ANOVA-om (p≤0,05). Rezultati: Svi ispitani materijali pokazali su klinički neprihvatljive promjene boje nakon ubrzanog starenja u vodenoj kupelji, a fotostarenjem nastala je vidljiva promjena boje kod svih svjetlosnopolimerizirajućih kompozita. Nanokompozitni materijali značajno su promijenili boju i u kontrolnoj skupini. Zaključak: Unutarnja stabilnost boje testiranih materijala ovisi o uvjetima starenja i vrsti dentalnog kompozita. Kemijski stvrdnjavajući kompoziti pokazali su tijekom fotostarenja bolju stabilnost.
Memorialization in the form of the architectural statue can suggest that our stance towards the past is concrete while memorials in the form of repeated social activity represent reconciliation with ...the past as a continual process. Enacted memorials suggest that reconciliation with the past is not itself a thing of the past. Each generation must grapple with its inherited memories, guilt, and grief and self-consciously take its own stance towards that which came before it. This article considers Dominik Smole’s post World War II rewrite of Antigona as an enacted memorial within the context of socialist Yugoslavia. The practice of restaging Antigona in Slovenia may be seen as the practice of meta-memorialization, which routinely returns to the past while openly weighing the dangers of awakening the unburied dead against the dangers of letting the unaddressed conflicts of the past sleep.
Background : In recent years, completely smoke free workplaces have become popular because creation of smoke free environment is one of the most effective strategies for reducing health risk and ...productivity loss. However it is difficult to reach a consensus for completely smoke free workplace, as there are a lot of workers to disagree on it. Objective: We investigated the predictors of the worker's attitude on completely smoke free workplace. Method: Workers from company of energy in Japan were enrolled between October and November 2010. The total number of subjects who participated in this survey was 1964 (recovery rate 100%). Each subject was asked to fill out a self-administered questionnaire and 1926 subjects were analyzed. The questionnaire was constructed as follows, 1) personal date 2) smoking state (current smoker, ex-smoker, non-smoker) 3) the feeling of environmental tabacco smoke (ETS), the awareness of ETS, the awareness of productivity loss by smoking, the attitude whether they agree or disagree to completely smoke free workplace. Current smokers were further stratified as light (below 10 cigarettes per day), moderate (11-20 cigarettes per day), heavy (above 21 cigarettes per day). Those who used to smoke in the past were considered as ex-smokers. We conducted our date by univariate and multivariate logistic analysis. Result: Workers who disagree to completely smoke free workplace are youngers, smokers who smoke numbers of cigarettes. The more the number of cigarettes smoked, smokers are opposed to completely smoke free workplace. Especially it was remarkable in the heavy smokers. In addition, those who disagree to complete smoke free workplace are follows. The workers who don't feel uncomfortable by environmental tabacco smoke (ETS), the workers who aren't aware of ETS and the productivity loss by smoking. Conclusion: Whether people agree or disagree to the completely smoke free workplace or not is related to the factor that smoking state (heavy smoker or not), age (younger), the awareness on ETS or productivity loss by smoking. The education for youngers about health risk and productivity loss by smoking is useful for achieving completely smoke free workplace.
Svrha rada: Ovo kliničko istraživanje provedeno je da bi se procijenila klinička učinkovitost biomimetičke, dvoslojne strukture debeloslojnoga kompozita ojačanoga vlaknima s nanohibridnim pokrovnim ...slojem u usporedbi sa slojevito apliciranom nanohibridnim kompozitom u dubokim aproksimalnim kavitetima trajnih kutnjaka. Materijal i metode: Ukupno 36 dubokih aproksimalnih kaviteta na vitalnim kutnjacima restaurirano je ili dvoslojnom strukturom debeloslojnoga kompozita ojačanoga vlaknima kao zamjenom za dentin i pokrovnim slojem nanohibridnoga kompozita (n = 18), ili konvencionalnim nanohibridnim kompozitnim materijalom (n = 18) ). Korištenjem modificiranih kriterija USPHS-a, restauracije su se procjenjivale tijekom 12 mjeseci. Kriteriji koji su se procjenjivali bili su fraktura i retencija, rubni integritet, rubna diskoloracija, anatomski oblik, aproksimalni kontakt, tekstura površine, radiološka procjena, postoperativna osjetljivost i sekundarni karijes.Rezultati: Nije bilo statistički i klinički značajne razlike između debeloslojnoga kompozita ojačanoga vlaknima i konvencionalnoga kompozita za slojevitu tehniku. Nije bilo rizika od neuspjeha kod svih procijenjenih modificiranih kriterija USPHS-a za oba materijala nakon 12 mjeseci (RR = 1 (95 % CI 0,0209 do 47,8503; P =1,0000). Zaključak: Biomimetički pristup u kojemu se primjenjuje tehnika nadomještanja dentina debeloslojnim kompozitom ojačanim vlaknima pokazao je kliničku učinkovitost usporedivu sa slojevitom aplikacijom nanohibridne kompozitne smole. Debeloslojni kompoziti ojačani vlaknima učinkovita su alternativa u restauraciji dubokih aproksimalnih kaviteta stražnjih zuba, no za potvrdu tih rezultata potrebna su daljnja dugoročna istraživanja.
Svrha ovoga članka bila je sažeti trenutačno znanje o učincima mikrovalne dezinfekcije na svojstva materijala za izradu proteza. Kontrola križne infekcije u dentalnoj medicini itekako je važna u ...svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi jer su u porastu razne infektivne bolesti poput hepatitisa B i C te AIDS-a (side), a metode dezinfekcije su mnogobrojne. Najraširenija u svakodnevnoj praksi jest ona kemijska, premda istraživanja upućuju na to da se tako mijenjaju fizikalna i mehanička svojstva akrilatnih smola te omogućuje rast i proliferacija određenih bakterija. A mikrovalna metoda pokazala se kao jednostavna za uporabu, jeftina je i u postupku se ne upotrebljavaju kemikalije. Pitanje koje se postavilo glasi: utječe li podvrgavanje mikrovalovima na svojstva materijala od kojih se izrađuju proteze. Mikrovalovi različito djeluju na bazu proteze, ljepilo i zube. Istraživanja su pokazala da je mikrovalna dezinfekcija sigurna alternativa za bazu proteze i podložnu masu – u usporedbi s kemijskom metodom – ako se postupak obavlja u suhom okružju, ali mogla bi uzrokovati klinički veće dimenzijske promjene kad bi se iradijacija obavljala u vlažnim uvjetima. Nema ni klinički značajnih učinaka slabljenja savojnih svojstava, zatezne čvrstoće i tvrdoće akrilatne smole proteze, ni integriteta sredstva za vezivanje i njegove čvrstoće na savijanje, poroznosti i tvrdoće. Učinci dezinfekcije mikrovalovima na čvrstoću zuba u protezi i na vezu zubi – proteza i
dalje su sporni, pa još nema definitivnog zaključka.
The aim of the thesis was the development and application of hybrid sorbents for determination of arsenic species in water and selective removal of arsenic from water. Water soluble arsenic species ...in natural water are inorganic (iAs) species, as arsenite, As(III) and arsenate, As(V). It is important to note that in neutral conditions, As(V) species are completely in ionic forms (H2AsO4 - and HAsO4 2-), while As(III) is in molecular form (H3AsO3 or HAsO2). This fact was the base for the application of anion exchange resin and selective hybrid resins for the separation, determenation and removal of iAs. As a result of anthropogenic pollution in water can be present organic (oAs) species as monomethylarsenic acid, MMAs(V) and dimethylarsenic acid, DMAs(V). Methods developed for iAs species should consider oAs species as interferences for the iAs determinations. In the frame of these tasks, efficiency of three types of resins were investigated: a strong base anion exchange (SBAE) resin and two hybrid (HY) resins, HY-Fe which integrates sorption activity of hydrated iron oxides (HFO) with the anion exchange function and HY-AgCl which integrates effects of chemical reaction with the anion exchange function. Two systems were employed: a batch and a fixed bed flow system. The selective bonding of arsenic species on three types of resins makes possible the development of the procedure for measuring and calculation of all arsenic species in water. In order to determine capacity of resins, the preliminary investigations were performed in batch system and fixed bed flow system. Resin capacities were calculated according to breakthrough points in a fixed bed flow system which is the first step in designing of solid phase extraction (SPE) module for arsenic speciation separation and determination. The investigations performed in the scope were focused on: I) separation of As(III) and As(V) species (in order to determine both arsenic species which are prevailing in natural waters), II) separation of organic arsenic species (in order to determine of DMAs(V) and MMAs(V) in natural waters) and III) collection, preconcentration and removal of all arsenic species. The main achievement of thesis is that three methods for arsenic species determination were developed. First method is a simple method for the separation and determination of iAs species in natural and drinking water which was the main task of the thesis. Procedures for sample preparation, separation of As(III) and As(V) species and preconcentration of the total iAs on fixed bed columns were defined. Two resins: SBAE and HY-Fe were utilized. The governing factors for the ion exchange/sorption of arsenic on resins in a batch and a fixed bed flow system were analyzed and compared. Acidity of the water, which plays an important role in the control of the ionic or molecular forms of arsenic species, was beneficial for the separation; by adjusting the pH values to less than 8.0, the SBAE resin separated As(V) from As(III) in water by retaining As(V) and allowing As(III) to pass through. The sorption activity of the hydrated iron oxides (HFO) particles integrated into the HY-Fe resin was beneficial for bonding of all iAs species over a wide range of pH values from 5.0 to 11.0. The resin capacities in flow system were calculated according to the breakthrough points and pH value of water 7.5. The SBAE resin bound 370 μg/g of As(V) while the HY-Fe resin bound 4150 μg/g of As(III) and 3500 μg/g of As(V). The high capacities and selectivity of the resins were considered as advantageous for the development and application of two procedures, one for the separation and determination of As(III) (with SBAE) and the other for the preconcentration and determination of the total arsenic (with HY-Fe resin). The analytical properties of first method developed for the separation and determination of iAs: the limit of detection, LOD, was 0.24 μg/L, the limit of quantification, LOQ, was 0.80 μg/L and the relative standard deviations, RSD %, for samples with a content of arsenic from 10.0 to 300.0 μg/L ranged from 1.1 to 5.8 %. Second method is a simple and efficient method for separation and determination of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and organic arsenic (oAs) in drinking, natural and wastewater. Three types of resins were used: SBAE, HY-Fe and HY-AgCl were investigated. The quantitative separation of molecular and ionic forms of iAs and oAs was achieved by SBAE and pH adjustment, the molecular form of As(III) that exists in the water at pH < 8.0 was not bonded with SBAE, which was convenient for direct determination of As(III) concentration in the effluent. The HY-Fe resin was convenient for the separation of DMAs(V) from all other arsenic species, which were retained on the HY-Fe resin that has a high sorption capacity for the arsenic species, 9000 μg/g. Efficiency of HY-Fe resin makes possible direct measurements of this specie in the effluent. HY-AgCl resin retained all iAs which was convenient for direct determination of oAs species concentration in the effluent, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 1.3-5.6 %. The third method is a simple and efficient method for separation and determination of dimethylarsenate DMAs(V). Two resins, SBAE and HY-Fe were tested. By simple adjusting pH value of water at 7.0, DMAs(V) passed through the HY-Fe column without any changes, while all other arsenic species (inorganic arsenic and monomethylarsenate, MMAs(V)) were quantitatively bonded on HY-Fe resin. The resin capacity was calculated according to the breakthrough points in a fixed bed flow system. At pH 7.0, the HY-Fe resins bonded more than 4150 μg/g of As(III), 3500 μg/g of As(V) and 1500 μg/g of MMAs(V). Arsenic adsorption behavior in the presence of impurities showed tolerance with the respect to potential interference of anions commonly found in natural water. DMAs(V) was determined in the effluent by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The detection limit was 0.03 μg/L and relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 1.1-7.5 %. For the determination of arsenic in all arsenic species in water two analytical methods were applied: the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and hydride generationatomic absorption spectroscopy (GH-AAS). Methods were established through basic analytical procedures (with external standards, certified reference materials and the standard addition method) and by the parallel analysis of some samples using the HG-AAS technique. Verification with certified reference materials proved that the experimental concentrations found for model solutions and real samples were in agreement with the certified values. ICPMS detection limit was 0.2 μg/L and relative standard deviation (RSD) of all arsenic species investigated was between 3.5-5.1 %. The interference effects of anions commonly found in water were found to be negligible. Both methods could be applied routinely for monitoring arsenic levels in various water samples (drinking water, ground water and wastewater).
Cilj izrade ove teze je razvoj i primena hibridnih smola kao sorbenata za određivanje i selektivno uklanjanje arsenovih vrsta u vodi. Arsenove vrste rastvorne i prisutne u prirodnoj vodi su neorganska jedinjenja arsena (iAs), arseniti As(III) i arsenati As(V). Bitno je naglasiti da se u neutralnim uslovima, As(V) nalazi u jonskom obliku (H2AsO4 - and HAsO4 2-), dok se As(III) nalazi u molekularnom obliku (H3AsO3 or HAsO2). Ova činjenica je osnova za primenu anjonskih, jonoizmenjivačkih smola i selektivnih hibridnih smola za razdvajanje i uklanjanje iAs. Kao rezultat antropogenog zagađivanja u vodi mogu da budu prisutne i vrste organskog arsena (oAs) kao što je monometilarsenova, MMAs(V) i dimetilarsenova kiselina, DMAs(V). Svaka metoda koja je razvijena za određivanje iAs mora da razmatra i reši problem prisustva oAs kao smetnji za određivanje iAs vrsta. U okviru postavljenih zadataka ispitana je efikasnost tri tipa smola: jako bazna anjonska smola (SBAE) i dve hibridne (HY), HY-Fe koja integriše sorpcionu aktivnost hidratisanog gvožđe oksida (HFO) sa anjonsko-izmenjivačkom funkcijom i HY-AgCl koja integriše efekte hemijske reakcije sa anjonsko-izmenjivačkom funkcijom. Ispitivanja su vršena u šaržnom i protočnom (s nepokretnim slojem) sistemu. U sklopu istaknutih zadataka i ciljeva, ispitivanja u okviru teze su bila fokusirana na: I) razdvajanje As(III) i As(V) vrsta (u cilju određivanja obe ove vrste čije prisustvo preovlađuje u prirodnim vodama), II) razdvajanje organskog arsena vrsta (u cilju određivanja obe ove DMAs (V) i MMAs (V) u prirodnim vodama) i III) sakupljanje, pretkoncentrisanje i uklanjanje svih arsenovih vrsta u vodi. Najvažniji doprinos ostvaren u izradi ove teze je razvoj tri metode za razdvajanje i određivanje arsenovih vrsta u vodi. Prva metoda predstavlja jednostavnu metodu za razdvajanje i određivanje iAs vrsta u prirodnim vodama i vodi za piće, što je i bio glavni zadatak u tezi. Definisani su postupci za pripremu uzoraka, za razdvajanje As(III) i As(V) vrsta, i za pretkoncentrisanje ukupnog sadržaja neorganskog arsena, iAs u protočnom sistemu, u koloni s nepokretnim slojem sorbenta. Ispitane su dve vrste smole: SBAE i HY-Fe. Definisani su i analizirani svi parametri šaržnog i protočnog sistema koji imaju najveći uticaj na jonsku izmenu i sorpciju arsena. Kiselost vode, koja igra vrlo važnu ulogu i u kontroli i prisustvu jonskih i molekulskih vrsta arsena u vodi, predstavlja važan faktor i za razdvajanju iAs arsena u vodi: podešavanjem pH vrednosti na vrednosti manje od 8,0, ostvaruje se mogućnost razdvajanja As(III) i As(V) vrsta: As(V) vrste se zadržavaju jer se nalaze u jonskom obliku, a As(III) vrste prolaze kroz kolonu bez zadržavanja jer se nalaze u molekulskom obliku. Sorpciona aktivnost čestica hidratisanog gvožđe-oksida (HFO) integrisanih u HY-Fe smolu bila je pogodna za vezivanje svih vrsta arsena u vodi, i to u širokom opsegu pH vrednos
On its surface, Dominik Smole's play Antigone is an imitation of Sophocles' tragedy because it takes place at the same time and place and features characters with the same names and the same family ...and hierarchical relationships. However, the playwright relativizes this appearance by using diverse physical and verbal anachronisms, altering the personalities of the majority of the characters, modifying the course and duration of the plot, and adding intertextual links. In addition to the points of contact recorded so far, especially those with Anouilh's Antigone, this article also establishes reminiscences of Shakespeare's plays, which Smole undoubtedly knew, and especially Hamlet. What is reminiscent of these plays is the analogue design of the entire text uncharacteristic of Smole--up to that time a prose writer--using distinctly rhythmized verse lines of varying lengths, continuous transitions from the poetically elevated "high" style into the banally "low" jargon style, and distinct aphorisms combined with irony and paradoxes. Even some of Smole's characters resemble Shakespeare's: the Theban "princess" Antigone, who is guided by her moral commitment to her dead brother just as Hamlet is guided by his commitment to his murdered father, is characterized with insanity just like the Danish prince; the court councilor Teiresias and his impersonator, Creon's son and Antigone's fiancée Haemon, are faithful students of Lord Chamberlain Polonius in word and deed; Ismene oscillates between loyalty to and betrayal of her sister Antigone just like Queen Gertrude oscillates between betrayal and love of her son Hamlet; and here and there Smole's Creon and Shakespeare's Claudius share the same thoughts about the king's status and responsibility. All of this confirms the multifaceted intertextual inclusion of Smole's Antigone within classic European literature as well as its simultaneous completion of the mission that Shakespeare defines through Hamlet's words--namely, that as a metaphorical mirror, a play should remind contemporaries of current social and moral issues. Thus regardless of its manifest antiquity, from its very beginning it has functioned as a play on contemporary moral issues; it has been especially effective because of its unconventional artistic perfection. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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