Snow parks constitute an essential part of the drawing power of winter sports resorts. However, epidemiological studies have highlighted the increased risk of snow park accidents when compared with ...those of traditional piste runs. In the light of such findings, the aim has been to understand why and how freestyle enthusiasts deal with the particular dangers brought about by the various features of a snow park. Eighteen observation days in three French resorts were coupled with 38 semi-directive interviews throughout the 2012–2013 winter season. Results show that risk in freestyling does not constitute, in itself, the explanation of the behaviours adopted. It appears rather as a means that makes it possible to achieve a certain state and sensorial satisfaction, as well as a feeling of expertise and self-fulfillment. Far from the stereotypes conveyed concerning freestylers and their spontaneous and reckless risk-taking, the different elements highlighted in this article attest, on the contrary, to a well thought-out and rational relationship with the danger incurred.
The co-authors discuss the prospects for the development of urban sports facilities that may occupy both subterranean and overground spaces. The co-authors have conducted a sociological poll in ...several Russian cities and towns to identify the demand for the services provided by urban winter leisure parks, their attendance rate, extent of their convenience as perceived by their customers, the types of rides available, and the needs for any sports accessories. The poll findings have identified the need to take account of particular features of design driven by the demand for leisure parks. The co-authors believe that innovative design projects may accommodate changing rooms, coffee rooms, sports gear rent rooms, restaurants and cafeterias in the subterranean space, due to the insufficiency of unoccupied urban areas.
The objectives of the present study were to assess general perceptions of safety in snow parks (SPs), general knowledge of rules existence, and both active and passive awareness of the International ...Ski Federation (FIS) rules contained in its Code of Conduct for SPs in order to define target groups for injury prevention-specific education interventions. Data were drawn from 436 freestylers randomly interviewed. The study was conducted during the 2018-2019 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. A questionnaire assessing personal data (gender, age, gear used, self-reported skill, and frequency of use), general perceptions on safety, general request for rules, and awareness of existing rules in SPs was developed. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were used to compare characteristics between groups. It was revealed, for accident prevention purposes, a concerning general lack of knowledge of existing rules in SPs (63% of participants ignored them). Risk-inducing situations that could result in severe injuries, such as familiarity with the right progression in choosing features and/or stunts or with safety equipment, were largely assessed incorrectly (94% and 70% of participants, respectively). Appropriate intuitive behavior increases with experience: youths and beginners are less able to implement FIS rules than more experienced freestylers.
Objectives: Design parameters and landing impacts for selected snow park jumps in Switzerland were compared with the parameters recommended to increase the jumps’ safety by the Swiss Council for ...Accident Prevention (BFU). High impact zones were identified to help snow park shapers optimize the design of their jumps. A rough estimate of the influence of snow hardness on landing impacts was also provided. Design: During the 2020/2021 winter season three-dimensional geometries of 23 jumps were captured using differential global navigation satellite system and terrestrial laser scanning. A point mass model was used to numerically calculate trajectories. The equivalent fall height (eFH) was used to quantify landing impacts and an empiric snow-deformation function was applied to take the effect of snow hardness into consideration. Workshops were held to discuss results and transfer findings. Methods: 2D-profiles of the jumps were estimated by projecting the captured 3D position data onto the longitudinal cross-section plane. Table and landing geometry were smoothed and interpolated to a spatial resolution of 0.1 m, while the kicker was fitted with a 2nd order polynomial. Trajectories were numerically calculated for take-off speeds from 6 to 17.6 m s−1 including aerodynamic forces using the Runge-Kutta method. The calculated eFH at the landing points were used to divide the landing into low-impact, medium-impact, and high-impact zones. Results: Medium sized jumps had a low-impact zone of sufficient length (>6 m) and eFH smaller than 1.5 m throughout the entire table meeting the BFU recommendations. Nevertheless, critical eFH larger than 1.5 m, were obtained when take-off speeds increased by only 1.14 m s−1. Large jumps had low-impact zone lengths in accord with the recommendations (>9 m), but high eFH (2.3–3.4 m) occurred for table landings. 10 of the 13 XL-jumps had long low-impact zones of approximately 12–15 m. Besides the risk of high impact landings towards the end of the landing area, as found similarly for the smaller jumps, portions of XL-jumps had very high eFH (2.6–4.6 m) for table landings. Conclusions: The study confirmed the existing BFU recommendations of size categories, design parameters and landing impacts limits as prevalent and practicable and provided knowledge for future safety recommendations. Modifying table geometries and taking measures to limit the in-run speeds would help reduce landing impacts, and the hazard due to hard snow conditions should also be considered.
Feature-specific ski injuries in snow parks Carús, Luis; Escorihuela, María
Accident analysis and prevention,
October 2016, 2016-Oct, 2016-10-00, 20161001, Letnik:
95, Številka:
Pt A
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•In this study, the overall injury rate for skiing snow park (SP) injuries is 0.9 injuries per 1000 runs.•The injury rates are highest for Big jumps (2.9/1000 uses) and lowest for Rainbow boxes ...(0.1/1000 uses).•Compared with Boxes, there were increased odds of injury for C-rails and Big jumps.•Injury prevention programs in SPs can be tailored to those at greatest risk of severe injury.
Previous research suggests that snow park (SP) injuries are proportionally more frequent and more likely to be more severe than those sustained on traditional slopes. The aim of this study was to calculate skiers’ overall and feature-specific injury rates and determine potential risk factors for severe injury in an SP.
This is a retrospective study conducted during the 2013/2014 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. Cases were skiers who suffered feature-related injuries in the SP. Denominator data consisted of the estimated total number of skier runs and the estimated total number of times each feature was used by a skier. Injury rates were calculated and logistic regression used to determine the feature-specific odds of injury.
A total of 113 cases met the inclusion criteria. The overall injury rate was of 0.9 per 1000 skier runs. Rates of injury were highest for Big jumps (2.9/1000 uses) and lowest for Rainbow boxes (0.1/1000 uses). Compared with Boxes, there were increased odds of severe injury versus minor injury for C-rails (OR 9.1; 95% CI 0.6–13.18), Half-pipe (OR 4.5; 95% CI 0.3–6.27) and Big jumps (OR 3.0; 95% CI 0.3–3.53). Higher feature-specific ski injury rates and increased odds of injury were associated with features that require a very clean technique or promote aerial maneuvers and result in a larger drop to the ground.
► A retrospective case–control study by using ski patrol injury reports was conducted. ► Skiers and snowboarders with injuries occurred on slope intersections and in snow parks were compared with ...those injured on ski slopes. ► Collisions with other persons and arm injuries were more likely associated with injuries occurred on slope intersections. ► Male gender, younger age, less knee injuries and more back injuries were more likely associated with injuries occurred in snow parks.
In alpine winter sports, external risk factors as snow and weather conditions as well as slope characteristics (width, steepness, slope intersections, and snow parks) should be considered when investigating potential risk factors. Therefore, ski patrol injury reports were used to compare factors associated with injuries occurred on slope intersections and in snow parks compared to on-slope injuries.
Multivariate regression analysis revealed that in comparison to injuries occurring on ski slopes, collisions with other persons (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.4) and arm injuries (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.5) were more likely associated with injuries occurring on slope intersections while male gender (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.1–5.7), younger age (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.1), slushy/soft snow conditions (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.3), knee injuries (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8) and back injuries (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.0–10.2) were more likely associated with injuries which occurred in snow parks.
In conclusion, injuries on slope intersections and in snow parks differ in some factors from injuries sustained on ski slopes.
Objective The objective of the present case series study was to analyze injury types and injured anatomic locations resulting from skiing in snow park (SP) features and to determine potential risk ...factors for ski injuries in an SP. Methods The study was conducted during the 2013–2014 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. Cases involved skiers who experienced feature-related injuries in the SP. A total of 113 cases met the inclusion criteria. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of injury types and injury to anatomic locations on aerial versus nonaerial features. Results The overall injury rate was 0.9 per 1000 skier runs. The proportion of injuries was higher for aerials (1.18% of uses) than for nonaerials (0.66% of uses). Results revealed that the upper extremities were the most commonly injured body region, and sprains/strains/dislocations and fractures were the most common injury type. Conclusions The most commonly injured anatomic location on nonaerial features was the face, while on aerial features it was the head. A higher proportion of fractures was observed on aerial features, while a higher proportion of sprains/strains/dislocations was observed on nonaerial features. Prevention strategies to reduce injury risk include SP redesign, safety and communication policies, instruction on technical skills, and promotion of the use of protective equipment.
Terrain park injuries Moffat, Craig; McIntosh, Scott; Bringhurst, Jade ...
The western journal of emergency medicine
10, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This study examined demographics, injury pattern, and hospital outcome in patients injured in winter resort terrain parks.
The study included patients >/=12 years of age who presented to a regional ...trauma center with an acute injury sustained at a winter resort. Emergency department (ED) research assistants collected patient injury and helmet use information using a prospectively designed questionnaire. ED and hospital data were obtained from trauma registry and hospital records.
Seventy-two patients were injured in a terrain park, and 263 patients were injured on non-terrain park slopes. Patients injured in terrain parks were more likely to be male 68/72 (94%) vs. 176/263 (67%), p<0.0001, younger in age 23 +/- 7 vs. 36 +/- 17, p<0.0001, live locally 47/72 (65%) vs. 124/263 (47%), p=0.006, use a snowboard 50/72 (69%) vs. 91/263 (35%), p<0.0001, hold a season pass 46/66 (70%) vs. 98/253 (39%), p<0.0001, and sustain an upper extremity injury 29/72 (40%) vs. 52/263 (20%), p<0.001 when compared to patients injured on non-terrain park slopes. There were no differences between the groups in terms of EMS transport to hospital, helmet use, admission rate, hospital length of stay, and patients requiring specialty consultation in the ED.
Patients injured in terrain parks represent a unique demographic within winter resort patrons. Injury severity appears to be similar to those patients injured on non-terrain park slopes.
This article is devoted to comprehensive study of architectural-planning and functional organization of indoor complexes for winter sports located in major cities. Design and construction of the ...described facilities will lead to even greater popularization of winter sports and will allow people to regularly visit skating rinks, ski trails, etc. The relevance of constructing such complexes in the largest cities of Russia is considered. A comprehensive analysis of the implemented, designed and under construction indoor complexes for winter sports in the world has been carried out. The article formulates the main recommendations regarding the location of the complexes in the structure of the major cities, the sizes of designated sites, taking into account the urban situation. Taking into account the analysis of design experience, regulatory documents, population surveys, this article provides basic recommendations on the architectural and planning solution for indoor complexes for winter sports, identifies functional elements that make up their composition. Variants of placement and blocking of the main functional zones were proposed, and the areas of the main groups of premises were set taking into account the placement of these complexes in urban structure.
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