Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age is an interdisciplinary introduction to cross-cultural encounters in the early modern age (1400–1800) and their influences on the development of world ...societies. In the aftermath of Mongol expansion across Eurasia, the unprecedented rise of imperial states in the early modern period set in motion interactions between people from around the world. These included new commercial networks, large-scale migration streams, global biological exchanges, and transfers of knowledge across oceans and continents. These in turn wove together the major regions of the world. In an age of extensive cultural, political, military, and economic contact, a host of individuals, companies, tribes, states, and empires were in competition. Yet they also cooperated with one another, leading ultimately to the integration of global space.
In the interwar period, as Romania crystallized its conception of a national state, the options for political, economic and social development matured. The two decades (1919-1939) represented an era ...full of vitality and creativity, in which Romanians from all social strata experienced new ideas in most areas of life. But, at the same time, it was also an era of disputes and divisions, because the Romanians were forced to reorganize institutions established a long time ago and to face the problems of a bourgeois society on the rise, on the way towards urbanization, a phenomenon common to all of Europe.In politics, the main concern was the survival and strengthening of parliamentary democracy faced with serious challenges from the forces of authoritarianism.From an economic point of view, agriculture remained the basis of the Romanian economy, continued to be the main occupation of the majority of the population and provided significant amounts of money through exports. At the same time, industry has made substantial progress, constantly increasing its contribution to national income. Regarding the social structure, as before the First World War, the peasantry constituted the majority of the population. The urban working class continued to grow as industry and commerce increasingly attracted the interest of politicians. However, the social category that left its mark on the interwar period was the bourgeoisie, which, although it was reduced in number during this period, managed to become the leading force in both political and economic life.
Studies on the history of libraries as a research field within a domain of the French historiographic tradition first appeared towards the end of the 1980s. Its theoreti- cal underpinnings were in ...fact provided by the existing studies on the history of books and the founding works by Henri-Jean Martin (19242007). Despite a sizeable number of publications following the publication of the Histoire des bibliothèques françaises (Paris, 19881992, 4 vols.), this particular research area somehow failed to take advantage of the dynamics generally attributed to works on the history of books. Largely focusing on institutional and present-day issues, a substantial portion of the study on the history of libraries continued for a long time to be isolated and dominated by library-based authors only. A change in this situation came as late as the first decade of the 21st century and was greatly influenced by the works of the recently deceased historian Frédéric Barbier (19522023). Since that time, we have been witnessing a significant widening of perspec- tives, very much in line with the wish expressed by F. Barbier himself in his Histoire des bibliothèques en Occident (ed. I, Paris, 2013). This area of research (history of libraries) attracts interests of more and more researchers and has become a transnational domain at the pan-European level. The present research study documents these cultural and timeless transitions (challenging the perceived divisions between the Middle Ages and the Ancien Régime, and the Ancien Régime and modern times), and thus becoming multidisciplinary as well as interdisciplinary studies that integrate a number of disciplines (political history, social history, history of culture, architecture, etc.). At the same time, research on the history of libraries retains a strong relationship with studies on the history of books and media. The position and standing of libraries, that went through profound transforma- tions due to both cuts in their budgets and the implications of the digital revolution in the first years of the 21st century, seems to be endangered, both as an institution and a place. However, their purpose in modern democracy is not outdated and they still perform an sig- nificant mission by making it possible for all to have equal access to cultural resources and media. Libraries provide non-vertical mediation (i.e. cataloguing and metadata creation, classification and storage ...), that is still essential to make data and documents available. They continue to accommodate in one cultural space that becomes more and more comfortable and friendly both readers and visitors that learn to live together within this space, conforming at the same time to applicable rules and regulations. Despite their seemingly disadvantageous situation, one may though assume that modern libraries will continue to provide fresh and stimulating material for historical research for long years to come.
Interview with Father Maciej Korczyski - priest of the Wocawek diocese, parish priest of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint. James the Apostle in Szadek and dean of the Szadek deanery
During archaeological research of the Old Market Square in Supsk, cultural strata and architectural relics related to various phases of the markets development were discovered. The oldest remains ...date back to the pre-location period; the youngest come from the beginning of the 20th century. The original Gothic town hall was made of brick in the 14th century, accompanied by small wooden annexes. The structure was significantly damaged by the great fire of 1477, after which it had to be partially demolished, renovated and expanded. At the end of the 18th century, all existing buildings were destroyed, the area was lowered, and a new, smaller town hall was built. The last reconstruction of the town hall took place in 1901. The excavations in this area documented 1,179 fragments of animal remains. Due to the complexity of the areas history and high number of uncovered structures, the remains were analysed chronologically. Their analysis aims to understand the burghers meat diet and briefly examine the state of animal husbandry in and around the city from medieval to modern times. The research showed the high importance of livestock, mainly species such as cattle and pigs that provide a large amount of meat. Remains of poultry, especially chicken and geese, were also relatively abundant. Discovery of the remains of the domestic turkey Meleagris gallopavo domesticus in 17th- and 18th-century contexts appears to be of great interest, as they were the leftovers from the luxurious meals at the tables of the burghers. Additionally, a surprising assemblage of corvid bird bones was found in a layer of decayed wood dating to the 18th19th century, which consisted almost exclusively of the tarsometatarsus bones of a rook (Corvus frugilegus) and a raven (Corvus corax), found along with a skull of a passerine. This find could be associated with some unknown magical rituals; the bones may have also been collected as trophies.
Background: The majority of patients pursuing Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (MBS) know someone who also had surgery, referred to as a social history (hx) of MBS. The objective of this study was to ...define the number of people patients knew who had MBS and relationship to patient, and associations between social hx of MBS with patients' selection of procedure and weight loss outcomes. Methods: 123 patients were included who had MBS from 2021 to 2022 (83.7% female; 44.7% Sleeve, 55.3% Bypass). For up to five people, patients provided their relationship to each and surgical procedure, and completed the Family Assessment Device (FAD) General Functioning scale. Descriptives determined frequency and type of social hx of MBS and congruence in procedure. Three mixed multilevel models were conducted with (1) close friend hx, (2) coworker hx, and (3) close family hx of MBS including the FAD on change in %TWL over 12 months with surgical procedure as a covariate. Results: 91% of patients had a social hx of MBS, knowing an average 2.66 people. Patients reported a close friend (56.1%), close family member (43.9%), distant friend (20.3%), coworker (19.5%), and distant family member (14.6%) who had MBS. Patients' choice of procedure was not associated with knowing someone who had the same procedure (p = 0.810). In the close friend model, patients with a close friend who had MBS had less %TWL (p = 0.015), which did not change over time. In the coworker model, patients with a coworker who had MBS had greater %TWL (p = 0.012), which did not change over time. In the close family model, patients with a close family member who had MBS and reported healthy family functioning vs impaired functioning had greater %TWL over 12-months (p = 0.016). Conclusions: The majority of patients knew multiple people who had MBS, including close friends and family members. Patients with a close family member hx of MBS who had healthy family functioning had more weight loss, indicating that relationship quality makes a difference when considering close family history of MBS on patient postoperative weight loss. Future research should further explore how support and communication between patients and those they know with a hx of MBS associates with patient outcomes.
To obtain sacred relics, medieval monks plundered tombs, avaricious merchants raided churches, and relic-mongers scoured the Roman catacombs. In a revised edition ofFurta Sacra, Patrick Geary ...considers the social and cultural context for these acts, asking how the relics were perceived and why the thefts met with the approval of medieval Christians.
