Social participation is a key determinant of successful and healthy aging and therefore an important emerging intervention goal for health professionals. Despite the interest shown in the concept of ...social participation over the last decade, there is no agreement on its definition and underlying dimensions. This paper provides an inventory and content analysis of definitions of social participation in older adults. Based on these results, a taxonomy of social activities is proposed. Four databases (Medline, CINAHL, AgeLine and PsycInfo) were searched with relevant keywords (Aging OR Ageing OR Elderly OR Older OR Seniors AND Community involvement/participation OR Social engagement/involvement/participation) resulting in the identification of 43 definitions. Using content analysis, definitions were deconstructed as a function of who, how, what, where, with whom, when, and why dimensions. Then, using activity analysis, we explored the typical contexts, demands and potential meanings of activities (main dimension). Content analysis showed that social participation definitions (
n = 43) mostly focused on the person’s involvement in activities providing interactions with others in society or the community. Depending on the main goal of these social activities, six proximal to distal levels of involvement of the individual with others were identified: 1) doing an activity in preparation for connecting with others, 2) being with others, 3) interacting with others without doing a specific activity with them, 4) doing an activity with others, 5) helping others, and 6) contributing to society. These levels are discussed in a continuum that can help distinguish social participation (levels 3 through 6) from parallel but different concepts such as participation (levels 1 through 6) and social engagement (levels 5 and 6). This taxonomy might be useful in pinpointing the focus of future investigations and clarifying dimensions specific to social participation.
Drawing from clinical and organizational narcissism research, we develop a novel measure of narcissistic rhetoric, investigating its prevalence in a sample of 1863 crowdfunding campaigns. An ...experiment using 1800 observations further validates our measure and confirms our hypothesized inverted-U relationship between narcissistic rhetoric and crowdfunding performance. Leveraging social role theory, we explore sex, sexual orientation, and race as potential moderators of this relationship. Moderation tests reveal LGBTQ entrepreneurs generally yield greater performance when using narcissistic rhetoric than heterosexuals while racial minorities underperform Caucasians using narcissistic rhetoric. Our findings suggest successful crowdfunding campaigns must balance narcissistic rhetoric with entrepreneurs' perceived social roles.
•Narcissistic rhetoric has an inverted-U relationship with crowdfunding performance.•We create a comprehensive measure of narcissistic rhetoric using content analysis.•Impact of narcissistic rhetoric is shaped by entrepreneurs' adherence to prevalent social roles.•Entrepreneur sex, sexual orientation, and race influence investor responses to narcissistic rhetoric.
The qualities of a citizen Gardner, Martha Mabie; Gardner, Martha Mabie
2005., 20090110, 2009, 2005, c2005., 2005-01-01, 20050101
eBook
The Qualities of a Citizen traces the application of U.S. immigration and naturalization law to women from the 1870s to the late 1960s. Like no other book before, it explores how racialized, ...gendered, and historical anxieties shaped our current understandings of the histories of immigrant women. The book takes us from the first federal immigration restrictions against Asian prostitutes in the 1870s to the immigration "reform" measures of the late 1960s. Throughout this period, topics such as morality, family, marriage, poverty, and nationality structured historical debates over women's immigration and citizenship. At the border, women immigrants, immigration officials, social service providers, and federal judges argued the grounds on which women would be included within the nation. As interview transcripts and court documents reveal, when, where, and how women were welcomed into the country depended on their racial status, their roles in the family, and their work skills. Gender and race mattered. The book emphasizes the comparative nature of racial ideologies in which the inclusion of one group often came with the exclusion of another. It explores how U.S. officials insisted on the link between race and gender in understanding America's peculiar brand of nationalism. It also serves as a social history of the law, detailing women's experiences and strategies, successes and failures, to belong to the nation.
The article is a discussion of the Hungarian book by Máté Tóth, a researcher and librarian in Hungary: ”Social Roles of Libraries in the Light of empirical research data” (Szentendre, Hamvas Béla ...Pest Megyei Könyvtár, 2022), in which he draws attention to the social roles of libraries. The author substantiates the raison of this role with his empirical research. The book is a broad overview of one of the most exciting and much-discussed matters of today's Hungarian culture, the world and role of reading, books, the press, electronic media, mobile phones, the Internet, and comprehensively Hungarian reading culture. The author attempts to prove the legitimacy and social role of libraries based on the statistics, library sociology measurements and empirical research of recent decades.
The more consistent a person's network across roles and the more relevant that consistency is for achievement, the more important agency is for understanding network effects on achievement. With ...network, experience, and achievement data on persons playing multiple characters in a virtual world, evidence is presented to support two conclusions: (1) About a third of network structure is consistent within persons across roles: that is, those who in one role build networks rich in access to structural holes will build similar networks in other roles; builders of closed networks also tend to build that network across roles. (2) Network consistency across roles contributes almost nothing to predicting achievement, which is instead determined by experience and the network specific to the role. The two conclusions are robust across substantively significant differences in the mix of roles combined in a multirole network (too many roles, difficult combination of roles, or roles played to overlapping audiences). Adapted from the source document.
The literature on public figures attacked by their audiences is unclear why female and male figures react differently to attacks. This study examines why female journalists are more likely than male ...journalists to use avoidance strategies as a reaction to online attacks. Avoidance includes limiting audience engagement, adapting reporting behavior, and thinking about quitting journalism. Drawing on social role theory and gender stereotypes, this study contrasts two explanatory hypotheses. The results, based on mediation analyses of online survey data of 637 journalists representative of Switzerland, show that women are more likely than men to use avoidance strategies because women are more stressed by attacks. This heightened stress is argued to result from differences in gender role socialization. In contrast, while women are somewhat more severely attacked than men, this cannot explain their greater probability of avoidance. Results contribute a theoretically and empirically rich explanation of gendered reactions to attacks.
► Participants were asked to complete a survey about their experience with technology. ► The survey assessed demographics and information on technology use. ► Our results indicate that women are more ...frequent technology users than men. ► Women also show a greater preference for mediated communications than men. ► Our results show that theories concerning online behavior may no longer apply.
Past research in gender differences in the overall Internet use has been contradictory. Some asserted men used it more than women, while others asserted there were no gender difference. Both camps concluded that men and women differed in their motivation and utilization of time spent online. The purpose of the present research was to take a contemporary look at these gender differences. Using an online survey, we asked participants about their experiences with multiple forms of mediated communication: social networking sites, e-mail, video calls, instant messaging, texting, and phone calls. Our results indicated that women, compared to men, are generally more frequent mediated communication users. Compared to men, women prefer and more frequently use text messaging, social media, and online video calls. These results suggest that the nature of mediated social interaction is changing.
According to
, gender stereotypes are dynamic constructs influenced by actual and perceived changes in what roles women and men occupy (Wood and Eagly, 2011). Sweden is ranked as one of the most ...egalitarian countries in the world, with a strong national equality discourse and a relatively high number of men engaging in traditionally communal roles such as parenting and domestic tasks. This would imply a perceived change toward higher communion among men. Therefore, we investigated the dynamics of gender stereotype content in Sweden with a primary interest in the male stereotype and perceptions of gender equality. In Study 1, participants (
= 323) estimated descriptive stereotype content of women and men in Sweden in the past, present, or future. They also estimated gender distribution in occupations and domestic roles for each time-point. Results showed that the female stereotype increased in agentic traits from the past to the present, whereas the male stereotype showed no change in either agentic or communal traits. Furthermore, participants estimated no change in gender stereotypes for the future, and they overestimated how often women and men occupy gender non-traditional roles at present. In Study 2, we controlled for participants' actual knowledge about role change by either describing women's increased responsibilities on the job market, or men's increased responsibility at home (or provided no description). Participants (
= 648) were randomized to the three different conditions. Overall, women were perceived to increase in agentic traits, and this change was mediated by perceptions of social role occupation. Men where not perceived to increase in communion but decreased in agency when change focused on women's increased participation in the labor market. These results indicate that role change among women also influence perceptions of the male stereotype. Altogether, the results indicate that social roles might have stronger influence on perceptions of agency than perceptions of communion, and that communion could be harder to incorporate in the male stereotype.
The problem of trust in social relationships was central to the
emergence of the modern form of civil society and much discussed by
social and political philosophers of the early modern period. Over
...the past few years, in response to the profound changes associated
with postmodernity, trust has returned to the attention of
political scientists, sociologists, economists, and public policy
analysts. In this sequel to his widely admired book, The Idea
of Civil Society, Adam Seligman analyzes trust as a
fundamental issue of our present social relationships. Setting his
discussion in historical and intellectual context, Seligman asks
whether trust--which many contemporary critics, from Robert Putnam
through Francis Fukuyama, identify as essential in creating a
cohesive society--can continue to serve this vital role. Seligman
traverses a wide range of examples, from the minutiae of everyday
manners to central problems of political and economic life, showing
throughout how civility and trust are being displaced in
contemporary life by new "external' system constraints inimical to
the development of trust. Disturbingly, Seligman shows that trust
is losing its unifying power precisely because the individual, long
assumed to be the ultimate repository of rights and values, is
being reduced to a sum of group identities and an abstract matrix
of rules. The irony for Seligman is that, in becoming postmodern,
we seem to be moving backward to a premodern condition in which
group sanctions rather than trust are the basis of group life.
Owing to the development of anthropomorphic intelligent agent (IA) designs, users consider IAs as more than just inanimate tools. Previous studies have reported that anthropomorphic features can ...promote users' social feedback and aid in establishing intimate human–agent relationships. The present study examined the main and interaction effects of anthropomorphism level (a human-like IA vs. robot-like IA) and social role (servant vs. mentor) on emotional attachment, information disclosure tendency, and satisfaction in a smart home. The study participants were randomly assigned into four groups with balanced gender. The results indicate that high anthropomorphism and mentor role can positively predict users' emotional attachment. Additionally, users tend to disclose more personal information to the human-servant and robot-mentor IAs than the human-mentor and robot-servant IAs. Interestingly, social presence was determined to be a positive and significant mediator between anthropomorphic design and emotional attachment. The study findings highlight the importance of social role in anthropomorphic IA design and explain the mechanism of establishing effective human–agent relationships. Moreover, both theoretical and practical implications of these findings are analyzed.
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•Impacts of anthropomorphism level and social role on the human–agent relationship is investigated in a smart home scenario.•Emotional attachment, information disclosure tendency, and satisfaction of the users are considered for the analysis.•Proposed hypotheses are tested using a between-group experiment with two anthropomorphic levels and social roles each.•Social presence serves as a positive and significant mediator between anthropomorphic design and emotional attachment.•Importance of social role in anthropomorphic IA design and the mechanism of human–agent relationship are discussed.
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