The Legitimacy of European Constitutional Orders is a systematic and comparative study of European constitutional orders, which takes into consideration the national constitutional trajectories of ...European countries, as well as the defining power of EU law. Drawing on a wealth of case studies, this book explores the conceptual tools needed to undertake comparative reconstruction and assessment of national and supranational constitutional developments in the European context.
Beyond its variable organizational structures, the nation-state is an idea or model - a now-global institution. Since the late nineteenth century, and at an accelerated rate after World War II, the ...core ideological model of the state has expanded to incorporate authority over, and responsibility for, more aspects of society. We track the worldwide impact of this process by describing and analyzing the rise of eleven relevant cabinet ministries across 190 countries, from 1870 to 2000. We find that early in the period, state penetration occurred in areas seen as central to the collective good - education, welfare, health, statistics, and labor. After the war, areas involving the status of the individual and the rationalization of nature and society were added in global formulations. New ministries focused on women, children, and family life, along with ministries of higher education and the environment. We show that these changes occur globally, rather than mainly as the result of the internal characteristics of countries. The expanded state, beyond its power, reflects structuration under the influence of global models: as the nation-state model expands in associations and discourse at the world level, organizational structuration develops at the national level.
Resumen Las bases institucionales y fundamentales aprobadas por el Congreso para regular el nuevo proceso constituyente incluyen una cláusula de bien común, también introducida en el anteproyecto ...aprobado por la Comisión Experta. Con base en el método histórico y comparado y siguiendo el Derecho Interamericano, la cláusula del bien común debe interpretarse para sostener dos conclusiones: (i) los mandatos transformadores del Estado social deben interpretarse considerando la capacidad estatal y el principio de progresividad, y (ii) el Estado social debe interpretarse desde la centralidad de la dignidad humana. Esas conclusiones podrían evitar algunos excesos presentes en el nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano.
Resumen Este artículo examina la configuración y evolución del derecho a la seguridad social en Chile, en el contexto de los procesos constituyentes recientes. Se analiza el papel del Estado como ...garante y fiscalizador de las prestaciones básicas y uniformes de seguridad social, así como la participación de instituciones públicas y privadas en su implementación. Además, se discute la definición y alcance del derecho a la seguridad social, considerando fuentes internacionales y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Chileno. Finalmente, se plantean los desafíos constitucionales y legislativos en la consagración de este derecho fundamental, considerando aspectos jurídicos y políticos.
The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal study of the role and place of the pension system in the mechanism of the social state on the example of the modern Ukrainian legal experience. ...Based on the analysis of legislation, doctrinal positions and practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the author has formulated the own vision of the substantive and ontological core of pension provision. It is demonstrated that pension provision as a set of legal relations and a real legal phenomenon in the substantive and ontological dimension cannot be identified either with the process of providing an individual with a set of certain social and material services (procedural approach), or with a set of measures taken by the State to meet the needs of an individual for adequate material security upon reaching retirement age or due to adverse social circumstances which exclude their opportunities for active participation in economic and social life. According to the human-centred paradigm, the substantive and ontological essence of pension provision is not only the right (legal possibility) to demand from the state a certain level of pension payments in accordance with certain objective criteria, but also the real possibility to receive such payments in the amount that allows a person to maintain a decent existence, to ensure their key needs in life and social environment, avoiding poverty and social isolation. The importance of the State’s guarantee of the right to pension as a component of the constitutional right to social protection is substantiated. It has been revealed that the social state implements such a social policy which guarantees not only pension payments, but also their amount, frequency of receipt and indexation in accordance with the established procedure, which ensure that every person entitled to a pension has an adequate standard of living, the stability of the established standards of pension provision, the guarantee of this provision, the predictability of the legislative policy of pension provision (in accordance with the concept of legitimate expectations), and the appropriate law enforcement policy of pension provision. It has been proved that in the context of the social state concept, the problem of legislative fixation of the optimal model of pension provision (which would take into account the issues of determining the amount of pension provision, their ranking in various, including special, laws, methods and pace of pension indexation, etc.), taking into account the economic situation of the State and the compliance of such provision with the task of realisation of basic human needs for decent living conditions, requires careful consideration (in accordance with the concept of “space for consideration”). The article emphasises that compliance with the constitutional principles of the social state requires legislative regulation of pension provision on the basis of equity and proportionality, taking into account the State’s obligation to ensure decent living conditions for every citizen of Ukraine.
Uno de los rasgos más característicos del ordenamiento jurídico es el de su relatividad histórica. Dentro de las diferentes ramas, el Derecho Mercantil es una disciplina jurídica en permanente ...proceso de transformación y evolución. Lo que hoy pertenece a su ámbito normativo es posible que no pertenezca mañana y no tiene por qué haberle pertenecido en el pasado. Ello significa que el estudioso del Derecho Mercantil ha de enfrentarse constantemente a la cuestión de qué debe ser en cada momento la disciplina objeto de su estudio. En otras palabras, es una materia progresivamente cambiante a lo largo de la historia. Pero el proceso de mayor cambio se produce desde la óptica del paso del Estado liberal al Estado social con la introducción de las constituciones económicas. Al análisis de los cambios operados en este periodo se dedica este trabajo.
This article aims to clarify the role of "solidarity" in the development of the German Sozialstaat as a variation of concepts that sustain the ideal formation of the welfare state. Although previous ...studies have emphasized the historical importance of the social democratic milieu and its labor movement under the concept of solidarity in Germany, they have not taken into account the conceptual usage in the concrete legalization processes of social insurance through debates about social problems. From the perspective of semantic analysis, which focuses on the differences in the efficiency of the concepts in various organizations or institutions, this paper scrutinizes the discourses of politicians in the ruling party and bureaucrats from the 1860s to the 1880s. It thus attempts to learn about the social problems they faced and how these were dealt with using the vocabulary of solidarity as a semantics of sovereign practices. For policymakers in this period, one reason for social problems like poverty and the deterioration of the working environment was that both employers and employees failed to recognize their own interests. Thus, policymakers found it necessary to define both sides of interests and construct "the solidarity of interests（Solidarität der Interessen）," thereby intervening in the private systems of insurance. These findings indicate that the connotation of "Solidarität" in 19th-century Germany worked not only as a fighting concept for the labor movement but also as a notion to justify political intervention, connecting the divided interest groups. The concept of solidarity, a historical branch of "the social," was refined in Germany under the rationality of sovereign practices, thus reducing other possibilities of conceptualization.
In the article, the author analyzes the differences in value orientations and the specifics of the party-political systems of Western countries and Russia, the features of the basic values of the ...United Russia party and the value orientations of Russian citizens. The problem of borrowing and using successful foreign experience and finding one's own way of development has always been in the center of Russian political discourse. Today conservative as well as liberal approaches prevail in politics in Western countries, until recently they were present in the form of the ideology of the new right. In Russia the dominant “United Russia” party has been in power since 2003 and it positions itself as an all-encompassing or "catch-all" party. However, there are liberal and conservative wings in United Russia. The second one is closer to the ideological platform of the parties of the new right, which in practice in politics abandon the model of the welfare state. According to the surveys, in Russia the neoliberal values recorded in the program documents of United Russia do not meet the expectations of the majority of Russians who demand an active social policy. This contradiction, according to the author, is connected with the decline in popularity of the pro-presidential United Russia, which Russian President Vladimir Putin is trying to stop by supporting social programs, while relying on some members of United Russia and the ONF. United Russia won the elections to the State Duma in 2021, but the influence of socially oriented political parties in society and the state is increasing.
Globalization, as a process that strives for the universality and singularity of the world, raises the complex question of ways to confront economic inequalities as a consequence of the neoliberal ...model of world market integration. Bearing in mind the restructuring nature of this process, which takes place on several levels, it is concluded that the resulting relations in the world trade network diminish the importance of the financial sovereignty of national states. Given this, economic inequalities are perpetuated, and the social instruments of national states have been blocked due to networking in the global market that follows the pattern of the neoliberal paradigm. The paper presents the levels at which global market integration takes place (macro, meso, and micro), and highlights the various effects of the globalization process on developed (Western) democracies, emerging market economies, developing countries, and post-transition countries from socialism to democracy. In addition, the impact of economic processes, and crises on the constitutional order of national states is highlighted, which may result in “tacit” changes in the constitutional structures of individual states in the direction of dissolving the role of legislatures (as elected representatives of citizens) in creating economic, fiscal, and social policies. Finally, it is pointed out that, given the impossibility of unified regulation of the world market, mechanisms to combat the negative (social and economic) consequences of the globalization process need to be found within the framework of national states.
İnsanlığın ilk dönemlerinde varlık sahipleri, servetlerini başkalarının ihtiyacını karşılamak amacıyla dünyevi beklenti olmadan vakfederdi. Batı dünyasında 19.yüzyılda sosyal devlet kurumları, ...vatandaşların devlete bağlılığını artıracağına inanılarak desteklenmiştir. Türk idare tarihinde ise, İslam medeniyeti dairesine girilmeden önce göçebe hayat sürülen dönemde, zenginlikler sahip olunan hayvan varlığına dayanırdı. Hükümdarlar baharda yapılan toyda zenginliklerini ihtiyaç sahiplerine verir, ekonomik açıdan sıradan vatandaş gibi yönetim görevini üstlenirdi. İslamiyet’te Hz. Peygamberin (sav) sahip olduğu hurmalıkları vakfetmesiyle kurumsallaşma yaygınlaşmış yardım faaliyetleri toplumda ayrım gözetmeden karşılık beklemeden yürütülmüştür. Türkler İslamiyet’i benimseyince vakıf faaliyetleriyle çağlarına damga vurmuş, canlılarla ilgili konularda vakıflar kurularak toplumda sınıf çatışmaları önlenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde mükemmelleşen vakıflar güvenlik ve adalet dışındaki faaliyetleri kapsayacak şekilde hizmetlerini genişletmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde 18.yüzyıl sonrasında başlayan bozulmadan vakıflar etkilenmiş, işlevlerini yapamamış, varlıkları yağmalanmıştır. Hizmetleri karşılığında vatandaştan katkı talep etmeyen vakıflar günümüzde yardımlara aracılık ederek tarihi misyonundan uzaklaşmıştır. Çalışmada vakıf müessesesinin Türk-İslam medeniyetindeki gelişimi, idare tarihi içerisindeki sosyal sorumlukların yerine getirilmesindeki rolü incelenecektir.
In the early periods of humanity, wealthy people would dedicate their wealth to meet the needs of others without worldly expectation. In the 19th century, social state institutions in the western world were supported by believing that it would increase their commitment to the state. In the history of Turkish administration, in the period before entering the circle of Islamic civilization, riches were based on the existence of animals owned. In the administrative structure, the rulers gave their wealth to the needy when the spring feast was over. In Islam, Hz. Prophet (sav) donated the date palms he owned. After the Turks entered the Islamic civilization, they adopted the foundation works. The foundation administration, after the 18th century they could not fulfill their functions. In this study, the development of the foundation institution in Turkish-Islamic civilization and its role in fulfilling social responsibilities in the history of administration will be examined.
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