Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small-molecule active polypeptides. Because of their good antibacterial activity, stability and safety, AMPs are considered one of the potential ...alternatives to antibiotics. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is an excellent material for the study of AMPs. This study aims to screen optimum microbial strains and concentration to support the growth performance and AMP induction of H. illucens. Six microorganisms were selected as feed additives for H. illucens by tracking the growth performance, proximate composition, digestive ability and AMP content in the first trial. Microorganism efficiency screening results showed that Rhodopseudomonas palustris (RP) could improve growth performance, digestive ability and AMP content of H. illucens. Therefore, RP was selected to prepare the diets and was incorporated into diets for H. illucens at different levels. The results showed that RP is superior to the other strains as a feed additive for the H. illucens larvae, and we recommend the addition of 1.22 × 10sup.9–1.22 × 10sup.10 CFU/g RP to promote the growth and AMP content of H. illucens. This study provides new ideas for large-scale production of AMPs and lays the foundation for the development of AMPs as feed additives to substitute antibiotics. Escherichia coli (EC), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Rhodopseudomonas palustris (RP), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) were selected as feed additives for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) by tracking the growth performance, proximate composition, digestive ability and antibacterial peptides (AMPs) content in the first trial. Microorganism efficiency screening results showed that RP could improve growth performance, digestive ability and AMP content of H. illucens. Therefore, RP was selected to prepare the diets and was incorporated into diets for H. illucens at levels of 0 (R0), 1.22 × 10sup.6 (R1), 1.22 × 10sup.7 (R2), 1.22 × 10sup.8 (R3), 1.22 × 10sup.9 (R4) and 1.22 × 10sup.10 (R5) CFU/g. After 5 d of feeding, larvae fed the R2-R5 diets had higher weight gain and specific growth rates. Different concentrations of RP had no significant effect on larval body composition. R4–R5 could improve the digestibility and expression of AMPs in larvae. Moreover, RP could significantly increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and Rhodopseudomonas and decrease the abundance of Proteus and Corynebacterium. Therefore, RP is superior to the other strains as a feed additive for H. illucens larvae, and we recommend the addition of 1.22 × 10sup.9–1.22 × 10sup.10 CFU/g RP to promote the growth and AMP content of H. illucens.
In 1914-1918, 294,000 indigenous people were mobilized in North Africa and sent to the European front. Nearly 45,000 of them were killed or missing in action. This article examines the attitude of ...the French toward their North African soldiers and tries to explain why in the face of copious evidence of North African loyalty, the appreciation of courage and sacrifice in the fight against Germany was accompanied by suspicion and uncertainty about total loyalty. The article draws attention to the equal sacrifice belief in French thinking about the participation of colonial people in the war. It maintains that opposition to this belief, combined with the manifestations of soldiers' identity, and the paternalism and racism on the part of the French authorities, created the limited trust of French officials in North African Muslim soldiers.
In eusocial insects (e.g., ants, bees, and termites), the roles of different castes are assigned to different individuals. These castes possess unique phenotypes that are specialized for specific ...tasks. The acquisition of sterile individuals with specific roles is considered a requirement for social evolution. In termites, the soldier is a sterile caste. In primitive taxa (family Archotermopsidae and Stolotermitidae), however, secondary reproductives (neotenic reproductives) with their mandibles developed into weapons (so-called reproductive soldiers, also termed as soldier-headed reproductives or soldier neotenics) have been reported. To understand the developmental mechanism of this unique caste, it is necessary to understand the environmental cues and developmental processes of reproductive soldiers under natural conditions. Here, we established efficient conditions to induce reproductive soldiers in
. Male reproductive soldiers frequently developed after the removal of both the king and soldiers from an incipient colony. Similarly, high differentiation rates of male reproductive soldiers were observed after king-and-soldier separation treatment using wire mesh. However, no male reproductive soldiers were produced without direct interaction with the queen. These results suggest that male reproductive soldier development is repressed by direct physical interactions with both the king and soldiers and facilitated by direct physical interaction with the queen.
Waged for a just cause, World War II was America's good war. Yet for millions of GIs, the war did not end with the enemy's surrender. From letters, diaries, and memoirs, Susan Carruthers chronicles ...the intimate thoughts and feelings of ordinary servicemen and women whose difficult mission was to rebuild nations they had recently worked to destroy.
En este artículo analizamos dos de las instituciones militares más importantes durante el siglo XIX en Colombia: las guardias nacionales y los soldados regulares: Nos interesa sustentar que estas ...instituciones en la Provincia de Cartagena entre 1832 y 1853 estuvieron caracterizadas por unas marcadas jerarquías socio-raciales, expresadas en el hecho de que la gran mayoría de los individuos que se alistaban en estos cuerpos militares pertenecían a los sectores negros y mulatos pobres de la sociedad.
The imago and soldier castes of a new
Tauritermes
Krishna, 1961 species,
Tauritermes bandeirai
sp. nov.
are described. It is the fourth species of
Tauritermes
and occurs from the Caatinga and ...Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Unlike its congeners, the soldier of
T. bandeirai
has prominent frontal horns.
In Show Thyself a Man, Gregory Mixon explores the ways African Americans in postbellum Georgia used the militia as a vehicle to secure full citizenship, respect, and a more stable place in society. ...As citizen-soldiers, black men were empowered to get involved in politics, secure their own financial independence, and publicly commemorate black freedom with celebrations such as Emancipation Day.
White Georgians, however, used the militia as a different symbol of freedom--to ensure the postwar white right to rule. This book is a forty-year history of black militia service in Georgia and the determined disbandment process that whites undertook to destroy it, connecting this chapter of the post-emancipation South to the larger history of militia participation by African-descendant people through the Western hemisphere and Latin America.
Despite having key implications for fundamental political science questions, slavery as a global phenomenon has received little attention in the field. We argue that slavery played an important role ...in state-building and international order formation. To counter a historical U.S./Atlantic bias, we draw evidence mostly from the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. We identify two slave-based paths to state construction. A “slaves as the state” logic saw slave soldiers and administrators used to overcome the constraints of indirect rule in centralizing power. In a “slaves under the state” model the economy was based on slave production, itself underpinned by institutionalized state coercion. Norms often prohibited enslavement within communities, thus externalizing demand. This led to militarized slaving, and fostered increasingly long-distance trade in slaves. The combination of these normative, military, and commercial factors formed international slaving orders.
In the 30 years since the adoption of the United Nation’s Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC), international policy and research has continuously examined the impact of community violence ...exposure on child development. This article uses the framework of the CRC to review how the world has studied the involvement of child soldiers in armed conflict. We then apply Article 38 of the CRC (which prohibits the use of child soldiers) to parallel the literature regarding youth involvement in gangs. We argue that due to high similarities of these groups, including in regards to risk factors, traumatic experiences, and post-experience sequelae, youth gang members should be included as a protected group under the CRC as are child soldiers. We conclude with a discussion of programs that may be effective at preventing recruitment into armed conflict and gang memberships, and programs that reduce traumatic symptoms of children who experience and perpetrate violence.
Severe energy deficit may impair hormonal regulation and physical performance in military trainings. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between energy intake, expenditure, and ...balance, hormones and military performance during a winter survival training. Two groups were studied: the FEX group (
= 46) had 8-day garrison and field training, whereas the RECO group (
= 26) had a 36-h recovery period after the 6-day garrison and field training phase. Energy intake was assessed by food diaries, expenditure via heart rate variability, body composition by bioimpedance, and hormones by blood samples. Strength, endurance and shooting tests were done for evaluating military performance. PRE 0 d, MID 6 d, POST 8 d measurements were carried out. Energy balance was negative in PRE and MID (FEX -1070 ± 866, -4323 ± 1515; RECO -1427 ± 1200, -4635 ± 1742 kcal·d
). In POST, energy balance differed between the groups (FEX -4222 ± 1815; RECO -608 ± 1107 kcal·d
(
< 0.001)), as well as leptin, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and endurance performance (
= 0.003,
< 0.001,
= 0.003, respectively). Changes in energy intake and expenditure were partially associated with changes in leptin and the testosterone/cortisol ratio, but not with physical performance variables. The 36-h recovery restored energy balance and hormonal status after strenuous military training, but these outcomes were not associated with strength or shooting performance.
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