•Age- and climate- related water use patterns of apple trees were explored.•Orchards in semihumid area had higher SWC than those in semiarid area.•Main water sources in shallow layers became ...shallower with stand age in two areas.•Uptake from deep layers peaked in blossom and young fruit stage in semiarid area.•Older trees absorbed more deep soil water than younger trees in semiarid area.
The Loess Plateau of China is a major apple-cultivating region, but much of the Plateau is water-limited, and the expansion of apple-growing is putting pressure on soil water resources. Plants’ water consumption patterns have been intensively studied to facilitate formulation of robust agricultural strategies, but previous studies have generally applied indirect methods to characterize their water use. Moreover, the few studies that have applied direct (isotopic) methods have mostly focused on shallow (0–200 cm) soil layers, usually in stands of a single age or single climatic region. To avoid these limitations, we have investigated the primary water sources of apple trees of three ages (10, 15 and 22 years) in semiarid and semihumid climatic regions of the Plateau using both natural stable isotopic signatures (δ2H values) and injections of 2H2O into deep soil layers. We found that water content in apple orchards’ soil decreased with increases in depth and stand age, and was higher in the semihumid area than in the semiarid area. Nevertheless, patterns of apple trees’ water uptake from shallow (0–300 cm) soil layers were similar in the two climatic regions and the main water sources became shallower with increases in stand age. However, water uptake from deep (400–500 cm) soil layers was also detected, particularly in the blossom and young fruit stage in apple orchards of the semiarid area. Moreover, older trees absorbed more water from these layers than younger trees in the semiarid area (but not in the semihumid area) throughout the growing season. Excessive consumption of deep soil water inevitably results in deep soil drying and severely threatens the sustainability of apple cultivation. Our work suggests that it is necessary to take actions (e.g. supplementary irrigation, landscaping and mulching combinations) to reduce the proportion of deep soil water used by apple trees to prevent the development of dried soil layers. It also highlights the need to assess uptake patterns of plants at multiple developmental stages and ages to identify times when and places where interventions may be required or most effective.
An adequate maternal iron supply is crucial for maternal red blood cell (RBC) expansion, placental and fetal growth, and fetal brain development. Obese women may be at risk for poor iron status in ...pregnancy due to proinflammatory-driven overexpression of hepcidin leading to decreased iron bioavailability.
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of prepregnancy (PP) obesity on third-trimester maternal iron utilization.
Using the stable isotope57Fe, we measured iron utilization in the third trimester in PP obese BMI (in kg/m2): ≥30 and nonobese (BMI: 18.5–29.9) women. We also assessed iron status, hepcidin, inflammation, erythropoietin, dietary iron intake, and gestational weight gain. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests (e.g., Studentttest, Pearson correlation) were used for data analysis.
Fifty pregnant women (21 PP obese, 29 PP nonobese) were included. Mean age was 27.6±6.8 y and mean gestational age at time of57Fe administration was 32.7±0.7 wk. Anemia (hemoglobin <11g/dL for non-black and <10.2g/dL for black women) affected 38% of women (43% PP obese compared with 35% PP nonobese;P=0.55). Women with PP obesity had significantly higher C-reactive protein (8.5 compared with 3.4mg/L,P=0.0007) and total body iron corrected for inflammation (6.0 compared with 4.3mg/kg,P=0.04) compared with the nonobese women. There was no difference in serum hepcidin or iron utilization between the PP BMI groups.
This is the first study to assess the impact of PP obesity on maternal iron utilization. We found no difference in iron utilization in the third trimester of pregnancy in women with and without PP obesity. Despite higher frequency of anemia, women with PP obesity had less depleted body iron stores, suggesting some degree of iron sequestration. This finding should be followed up and extended to understand effects on fetal iron bioavailability.
Peat depositional environments, the sites where and conditions under which peat accumulates, significantly influence a resultant coal's physical properties, chemical composition, and coal utilization ...behavior. Recognition of peat depositional environments for coal is a challenging endeavor because coal's observed compositional properties not only result from a variety of geological processes operating during peat accumulation, but also reflect the influence of adjoining or external depositional sedimentary environments and alteration during later diagenesis and/or epigenesis. The maceral or microlithotype composition of any one layer of peat can be the product of years or decades of plant growth, death, decay, and post-burial infiltration by roots in addition to the symbiotic, mutualistic, parasitic, and saprophytic relationships with non-plant biota, such as arthropods, fungi, and bacteria. The overprint of increasing thermal maturation and fluid migration through time on the resulting coal can make these relationships difficult to recognize. Therefore, published models based on maceral composition alone must be used with great caution. Lipid compositions, even from lipid-poor low-rank coals, can provide important information about depositional environments and paleoclimate, especially if combined with the results of organic petrography and paleontological studies. Just as sulfur derived from seawater provides environmental clues, the ratios of two particularly relevant trace elements rather than a single trace element can be used to interpret peat depositional environments. Epigenetic minerals, as well as their corresponding chemical compositions should not be used for such a purpose; similarly, resistant terrigenous minerals deposited during peat accumulation in many cases should be used with considerable caution. The interactions of the biota present in the peat-forming ecosystem, often determined using palynological and geochemical proxies, and their interpretation in the context of geography and paleoclimate are important means for deciphering peat depositional environments. Overall, a combination of evidence from geochemistry, mineralogy, palynology, and petrology of coal and from stratigraphy, sedimentology, and sedimentary facies of related rocks is necessary for accurate and comprehensive determination of depositional environments. The need for interdisciplinary studies is underscored by peat compositional properties, which have been greatly affected by various processes during the syngenetic, diagenetic or epigenetic stages of coal formation.
•Low- and high-grade metamorphic rocks appear embedded in a serpentinite mud matrix.•O isotopic compositions imply precipitation of carbonates from slab-derived fluids.•High-pressure rocks were very ...likely exhumed by corner flow and subsequent mud volcanism.
During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 366 cores were recovered from three serpentinite mud volcanoes containing clasts that originate from the subduction-channel along the Philippine Sea Plate – Pacific Plate boundary. The drilled and sampled mud volcanoes (Yinazao, Fantangisña, and Asùt Tesoru) are located at distances of 55 to 72 km from the Mariana Trench. Mafic rock clasts, embedded within a serpentinite mud matrix, from the flanks and summits of both Asùt Tesoru and Fantangisña Seamounts were analyzed for reconstruction of their metamorphic and deformational overprint in order to reveal the tectono-metamorphic conditions at the metamorphic peak within the subduction channel and the subsequent low-grade overprint during exhumation. Several seamounts comprise clasts of lower plate metabasites with different metamorphic overprint (from low-grade sub-greenschist facies to lower blueschist facies). The metabasites are also associated with clasts of fossiliferous carbonates and cherts with different degrees of metamorphic and deformational overprint, that also originated from the Pacific lower Plate. This implies that these rocks were exhumed from different depths within the subduction channel before being regurgitated within a serpentinite mud matrix. The blueschist facies metamorphic rocks, being affected by metamorphic pressures in the range of 11 to 13.8 kbar at minimum, were very likely exhumed from greater depth within the subduction channel before being captured by uprising, localized serpentinite mudflows, indicating evidence that corner flow is actually taking place along the Mariana convergent margin, and that the high-pressure rocks were exhumed by corner flow in an active subduction zone. Final exhumation, however, is related to the embedding of the rocks within a serpentinite mud matrix and the buoyant ascent of serpentinite mudflows along forearc fracture zones extending from the plate boundary to the upper plate sea floor.
Viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ...2 SARS‐CoV‐2) represent a great burden to human health worldwide. FDA‐approved anti‐parasite drug ivermectin is also an antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer agent, which offers more potentiality to improve global public health, and it can effectively inhibit the replication of SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro. This study sought to identify ivermectin‐related virus infection pathway alterations in human ovarian cancer cells. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) quantitative proteomics was used to analyze human ovarian cancer cells TOV‐21G treated with and without ivermectin (20 μmol/L) for 24 h, which identified 4447 ivermectin‐related proteins in ovarian cancer cells. Pathway network analysis revealed four statistically significant antiviral pathways, including HCMV, HPV, EBV, and HIV1 infection pathways. Interestingly, compared with the reported 284 SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19‐related genes from GencLip3, we identified 52 SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19‐related protein alterations when treated with and without ivermectin. Protein–protein network (PPI) was constructed based on the interactions between 284 SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19‐related genes and between 52 SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19‐related proteins regulated by ivermectin. Molecular complex detection analysis of PPI network identified three hub modules, including cytokines and growth factor family, MAP kinase and G‐protein family, and HLA class proteins. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 10 statistically significant cellular components, 13 molecular functions, and 11 biological processes. These findings demonstrate the broad‐spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin benefiting for COVID‐19 treatment in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in virus‐related diseases.
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This study sought to identify ivermectin‐related virus infection pathway alterations in human cells.
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Quantitative proteomics revealed that ivermectin‐related proteins are involved in four statistically significant antiviral pathways, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1), and COVID‐19 infection pathways.
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We identified 52 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)/COVID‐19‐related protein alterations when treated with and without ivermectin, and these proteins were involved in cytokines and growth factor family, MAP kinase and G‐protein family, and HLA class proteins.
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These findings demonstrate the broad‐spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin benefiting for COVID‐19 treatment in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine in virus‐related diseases.
We studied elemental and Cu–Zn isotopic compositions of Boletus edulis and Xerocomus chrysenteron mushroom samples collected from three small catchments underlain by contrasting bedrock ...(leucogranite, amphibolite, and serpentinite). Elements such as Ag, P, K, Zn, S, Cd, and Rb are significantly enriched in the mushroom's fruiting bodies relative to the substrate. All analyzed elements are distributed unevenly within the fruiting bodies, with the cap and sporophore generally containing higher amounts of trace elements. Overall, the studied samples of the B. edulis more efficiently accumulate nutrients and minerals than the X. chrysenteron samples. Concentration of most trace elements in mushrooms is not site-dependent with the exception of Ca, Rb, Ti, Ba and Sr. Isotopic composition of mushrooms is characterized by higher uptake of heavier isotopes of Zn (Δ66Znstipe-soil = 0.48–0.77‰) for the both species, lighter isotopes of Cu (Δ65Custipe-soil = −0.73 to −1.52‰) for B. edulis, and heavier Cu isotopes (Δ65Custipe-soil = +0.37 to +0.43‰) for X. chrysenteron. The B. edulis samples are characterized by (δ65Custipe > δ65Cucap > δ65Cusporophore) and (δ66Znstipe > δ66Zncap > δ66Znsporophore) within-mushroom isotope distribution schemes, whereas the X. chrysenteron samples display different Cu (δ65Custipe < δ65Cucap > δ65Cusporophore) and Zn (δ66Znstipe > δ66Zncap < δ66Znsporophore) isotope distribution schemes. Changes in fungal isotopic signatures relative to the substrate and within the fruiting body suggest that both fungi species fractionate Cu and Zn isotopes with significantly pronounced differences between the species.
•Elements accumulation was different for two Bolete mushroom species.•Within-mushroom translocation of elements was similar for both mushroom species.•Bolete mushrooms fractionate Cu and Zn isotopes at substrate to mushroom interface.•Bolete mushrooms fractionate Cu and Zn isotopes within fruiting body.
The projected warming trend in the 21st century is likely to alter the global distribution of mangroves. However, the migratory pattern of different mangrove species is still unclear, especially in ...the subtropical Brazilian littoral. This study utilizes pollen, diatom, and organic geochemistry to document the late Holocene morphological and ecological transformation in São Francisco do Sul Bay, the mangrove sub-range limit in south Brazil. This multi-proxy dataset indicates the establishment of saltmarshes and mangroves on muddy tidal flats at ∼1720 and ∼870 cal yr BP, and Laguncularia, Avicennia, and Rhizophora colonized the study area at ∼870, ∼390, and ∼70 cal yr BP, respectively. This stepwise succession of three mangrove species in São Francisco do Sul Bay, and poleward mangrove expansion toward the austral mangrove range limit, indicate that the migratory histories of different mangrove species were not synchronized during the late Holocene, and temperature is the primary climatic factor regulating the mangrove distribution in south Brazil. More importantly, the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Current Warm Period were clearly registered in the pollen record, suggesting that the two climate anomalies likely facilitated the mangroves colonization into higher latitudes in south Brazil. Overall, our dataset indicates that mangrove expansion into more temperate zones will likely accelerate in South America.
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•Temperature is the primary climatic factor regulating the mangrove distribution in South America.•Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Current Warm Period likely facilitated the poleward mangrove migration in south Brazil.•The migratory histories of different mangrove species in South America were not synchronized during the late Holocene.
The processes of species obtaining water resources are crucial to evaluate the adaptability of plantations, which can affect the establishment and survival of restored ecosystems and functions of ...water‐limited ecosystems. However, there are still limitations in understanding water use patterns of different four plantations (Populus sylvestris, Salix cheliophe, Hippophae rhamnoides and Artemisia ordosica) in the Qinghai Lake basin. Stable isotopes of xylem water of four individual species were analysed at different dunes located at the eastern shore of Qinghai Lake in 2018 and 2019. The purpose of this study was to explore potential water sources used by different life form plants, to identify whether the soil moisture content and root distribution determined the plants water use patterns. Results from the Bayesian mixing model MixSIAR showed that all species mainly uses three levels of soil water, but they extracted soil water from different layers in different growing seasons among species. All species primarily depended on water from upper soil layers at the early growing stage, but P. sylvestris and S. cheliophe also absorbed much proportion middle and deep soil layers' water in dry year of 2019. All four species shift to use middle or deep soil layer water rather than shallow water in July with the most rainfall and soil water content (SWC). However, it was only used by P. sylvestris and H. rhamnoides in 2018. In all, seasonal water use pattern of different species was affected by SWC, soil texture and root distribution. Compared with moratorium plantations such as S. cheliophe, mixed afforestation of P. sylvestris and H. rhamnoides maximized of soil water sources absorbed by the plants. The study can shed light on plant–water relationships to facilitate the woody species for afforestation and desertification restoration management in the semi‐arid desert ecosystem.
Stable isotope compositions in soil water experienced great evaporation enrichment.
Seasonal water use pattern of different species was affected by soil water content, soil texture and root distribution.
Water from upper soil layers is the main source for sand‐binding species during the early growing season.
Geochemical investigation was carried out for delineating factors responsible for the mobilization of arsenic (As) from aquifer material into the groundwater. Four sites along Ravi River, (Samada, ...Sarai Chimba, Kot Maiga and Chah Fatehwala), were selected based on the blanket survey. Groundwater-rock interaction and evaporation were the key phenomena controlling groundwater chemistry, as shown by the hydrogeochemical data. Groundwater was predominantly Na-Cl type, with other principle facies being Na-HCO3, Na-Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl. The groundwater As concentration ranged between below detection level (2 μg/L) to 548 μg/L with 59% samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for As in drinking water (10 μg/L) and 31% having higher concentrations than the National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS, 50 μg/L). Moderate to high concentrations of SO4−2 averaged at 244 mg/L and moderate NO3− concentrations averaged at 8 mg/L, together with alkaline pH (7.3–8.8) and high Eh values (113–402 mV) suggest partial oxidizing nature of the aquifers. The values for δ 18O and δ 2H in groundwater varied between −9.14 and −5.51‰, and −56.57 to −39.5‰ respectively, and suggests meteoric origin of the groundwater with some evaporative loss. This effect could be partly responsible for elevated levels of pH and salinity in groundwater. Based on geochemical and isotopic composition of groundwater, desorption of As from metal surfaces under alkaline environment might be the factor causing As enrichment in study area.
•Elevated levels of Arsenic are detected under partial oxidizing conditions.•59% of groundwater samples exceeded the WHO permissible limit of 10 μg/L for As.•Groundwater isotopic composition indicated meteoric origin of groundwater recharge.•Evaporative controls in addition to competitive desorption reactions are mainly controlling high arsenic levels in groundwater.
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