Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the global leading causes of concern due to the rising prevalence and consequence of mortality and disability with a heavy economic burden. The objective of ...the current study was to analyze the trend in CVD incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) across the world over 28 years.
The age-standardized CVD mortality and incidence rates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017 for both genders and different world super regions with available data every year during the period 1990-2017. Additionally, the Human Development Index was sourced from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) database for all countries at the same time interval. The marginal modeling approach was implemented to evaluate the mean trend of CVD incidence, mortality, and MIR for 195 countries and separately for developing and developed countries and also clarify the relationship between the indices and Human Development Index (HDI) from 1990 to 2017.
The obtained estimates identified that the global mean trend of CVD incidence had an ascending trend until 1996 followed by a descending trend after this year. Nearly all of the countries experienced a significant declining mortality trend from 1990 to 2017. Likewise, the global mean MIR rate had a significant trivial decrement trend with a gentle slope of 0.004 over the time interval. As such, the reduction in incidence and mortality rates for developed countries was significantly faster than developing counterparts in the period 1990-2017 (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the developing nations had a more rather shallow decrease in MIR compared to developed ones.
Generally, the findings of this study revealed that there was an overall downward trend in CVD incidence and mortality rates, while the survival rate of CVD patients was rather stable. These results send a satisfactory message that global effort for controlling the CVD burden was quite successful. Nonetheless, there is an urgent need for more efforts to improve the survival rate of patients and lower the burden of this disease in some areas with an increasing trend of either incidence or mortality.
This paper explores the spatial–temporal changes of urban–rural construction land use and its anthropogenic driving forces in Wuhan from 1996 to 2009. The vector maps and data from two National Land ...Investigations in China, socio-economic information from government departments are used, and land use dynamic models and landscape metrics with mathematical statistical method are applied. The outcomes show the expansion of urban–rural construction land, which is extremely rapid that the amount of cultivated land drastically dwindled, the aggregation of urban construction land strengthened, and the fragmentation of rural construction land aggravated. The urban–rural difference of construction land use changes exists in the regional disparity between the inner city and the outer city of Wuhan. During the study period in Wuhan, the quantity and structure changes of urban–rural construction land in the outer city play a decisive role for the change trends of the total city. Societal and economic factors, which include demographic change, economic growth, living standards, and policies, are closely related to the pattern of urban–rural construction land use. Significant regional and urban–rural differences exist on the driving mechanism between the inner city and the outer city of Wuhan. The smooth implementation of urban–rural coordination development can be achieved by allocating the rational scale of urban–rural construction land, optimizing city–town–village spatial system, improving the efficiency of urban–rural land utilization and restructuring urban–rural production, living and ecological spaces.
•The expansion of urban/rural construction land leads to the drastic change of urban/rural landscape pattern respectively.•The disparity of urban-rural construction land use changes coexists with regional differences.•Anthropogenic factors are closely related to the pattern of urban-rural construction land use.•Implementations for urban-rural coordination development can be obtained from the analyses of land use change in Wuhan.
Abstract
Access to modern energy services (entertainment, food preparation, etc) provided by consumer goods remains unequal, while growing adoption due to rising incomes in Global South increases ...energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. The current model through which these energy services is provided is unsustainable and needs to evolve—a goal that emerging social and technological innovations can help to achieve. Digital convergence and the sharing economy could make access to appliances more affordable and efficient. This article estimates the effect of innovations around digital convergence and sharing in a highly granular, bottom-up representation of appliances. We simulate changes in demand for materials and energy, assuming decent living standards for all and global warming limited to 1.5 °C. By 2050, these innovations could attenuate the increase in the number of appliances to 135% and reduce overall energy demand by 28%. The results contribute to understand under which conditions digital convergence and sharing can improve living standards and climate mitigation.
Introduction. In the late 1920s Stalingrad was undergoing major industrial construction and reconstruction. Due to the shortage of local labor resources, foreign labor resources were required. The ...study highlights the nationality and number of the labor force, arrival dates and participation in the city’s public life. Methods and materials. The study used sources from the State Archive of Volgograd Oblast. The Research is based on comparative-historical and descriptive-historical methods. Analysis. Housing was the main issue in Stalingrad. Foreign specialists (Americans, Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Swedes) and their families were provided with housing, but living conditions were harsh. Moreover, despite the fact that salary of foreign labors was higher than salary of locals, foreign specialists still considered it insufficient. Providing foreign specialists with better living conditions, special product delivery and essential goods irritated the locals, whose standard of living was low. Results. Construction of buildings for foreign specialists began in the late 1920s. For local workers of such plants as the Stalingradskiy traktornyy zavod (Stalingrad Tractor Plant), the Barrikady (Titan-Barrikady) and the Krasny Oktyabr construction began in 1933. This helped to improve the city’s housing situation and increase the standard of living and the number of citizens. In 1933 Stalingrad became a major industrial center; by the end of the 1930s, it had become a city with a large population, including foreigners who stayed in Stalingrad, provided training for local specialists, adapted to an unfamiliar social life, and mastered the Russian language.
Income Inequality and Income Segregation REARDON, Sean F; BISCHOFF, Kendra
The American journal of sociology,
2011, 2011-Jan, 2011-01-00, 20110101, Letnik:
116, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article investigates how the growth in income inequality from 1970 to 2000 affected patterns of income segregation along three dimensions: the spatial segregation of poverty and affluence, ...race-specific patterns of income segregation, and the geographic scale of income segregation. The evidence reveals a robust relationship between income inequality and income segregation, an effect that is larger for black families than for white families. In addition, income inequality affects income segregation primarily through its effect on the large-scale spatial segregation of affluence rather than by affecting the spatial segregation of poverty or by altering small-scale patterns of income segregation.
Despite increasing research and programs to eradicate poverty, poverty still exists and is a far greater concern for children than adults, leading child poverty to become a political, economic, and ...social issue worldwide and in India. The current study aims to find variations in the prevalence of child poverty and associated factors in India during 2015-21. In the current study, we used two consecutive rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4, 2015-16 & NFHS-5, 2019-21) to estimate child poverty (aged 0-59 months) using the Alkire-Foster method. The multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed to find the important cofounder and cluster level variation in child poverty. The results show that about 38 percent of children were multidimensionally poor in 2015-16, which reduced to 27 percent in 2019-21. The decomposition analysis suggests that contribution of nutrition domain to child poverty increases over time, whereas the standard of living substantially declines from NFHS-4 to NFHS-5. The multilevel analysis results show that the age and sex of the child, age and years of schooling of the mother, children ever born, religion, caste, wealth quintile and central, northeast, north and west regions are significantly associated with child poverty over time. Further, the variance participation coefficient statistics show that about 12 percent of the variation in the prevalence of child poverty could be attributed to differences at the community level. The prevalence of child poverty significantly declines over time, and the community-level variation is higher than the district-level in both surveys. However, the community-level variation shows increases over time. The finding suggests a need to improve the nutritional status and standard of living of most deprived households by promoting a child-centric and dimension-specific approach with more focus on PSU-level intervension should adopt in order to lessen child poverty in India.
With myriads of policy options being considered to alleviate energy poverty, the financial inclusion-energy poverty nexus has received little attention despite its potential. Using two rounds of ...living standards survey data from Ghana, this study examines the effect of financial inclusion on energy poverty using multidimensional measures. Endogeneity associated with financial inclusion is instrumented using distance to the nearest bank. We found that the share of energy poor households in Ghana reduced slightly from about 81% to 80% between 2012/13 and 2016/17. Our estimates show that a standard deviation increase in financial inclusion is associated with a decrease in household energy poverty between 1.380 and 1.556 standard deviations. This outcome is consistent across different quasi-experimental methods. The results show more consistency for rural and male-headed households. Improvement in financial inclusion is likely to result in the biggest reduction in energy poverty for those in the employee category. We identify consumption poverty and household net income as potential channels through which financial inclusion influences energy poverty.
•We examine the effect of financial inclusion on energy poverty.•The study uses two rounds of living standards survey data from Ghana.•We find that financial inclusion has the capability to reduce energy poverty.•Energy poverty in Ghana reduced from 81% to 80% between 2012/13 and 2016/17.•Important channels from financial inclusion to energy poverty are identified.
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