This article offers a new perspective on why workers protested in the Industrial Revolution. It charts how protest action, specifically trade union coordinated strikes, took place to maintain or ...improve Yorkshire colliers' living standards amid fluctuating food costs between 1786 and 1801. The article also illuminates how some paternalistic coalowners avoided disturbances - such as riots - by paying high wages and, more importantly, providing food to their employees free of charge at the worst times of dearth in 1795 and 1800.
What makes people concerned about environmental degradation and willing to pay for its prevention? Recent survey research argues that richer people are greener—that residents of more economically ...developed countries, as well as relatively wealthier people within countries, are more concerned about the state of the natural environment and more willing to pay to protect it. This article questions this view, using survey data on multiple distinct aspects of environmental concern, from a larger sample of countries, and, where possible, taking into account not just cross-sectional differences among nations but also change over time. The analyses reported in this article show that environmental concern is generally higher in poorer countries, and there is no relationship over time between economic development and people's willingness to pay for environmental protection. Within countries, richer people are slightly more concerned about the environment, but only on some dimensions and not others.
Social welfare aims to support financially vulnerable households by protecting them from financial shocks and providing them with a basic standard of living. Many eligible households, however, do not ...take up social welfare. We present the results of in‐depth interviews with 31 members of financially vulnerable households in two large Dutch cities about their experiences with welfare. We examined the role of money in their lives, what inhibited them from taking up social welfare, and how they sought support. For many interviewed households, money was a source of stress. The fear of reclaims and mistrust of government institutions were the main inhibitors to participating in welfare programs. Whereas the experience of shame and stigma were substantial inhibitors for claiming local welfare benefits, they were not for participating in national welfare programs. Formal and informal help promoted welfare participation, but many participants lacked access to both. We discuss policies that could decrease the perceived uncertainty of benefits receipt and give directions for future research.
This article examines the existence of a habituation effect to unemployment: Does the subjective well-being of unemployed people decline less if unemployment is more widespread? The underlying idea ...is that unemployment hysteresis may operate through a sociological channel: if many people in the community lose their job and remain unemployed over an extended period, the psychological cost of being unemployed diminishes, and the pressure to accept a new job declines. We analyse this question with individual-level data from the German socio-economic panel (1984–2010) and the Swiss household panel (2000–2010). Our fixed-effects estimates show no evidence for a mitigating effect of high surrounding unemployment on the subjective well-being of the unemployed. Becoming unemployed hurts as much when regional unemployment is high as when it is low. Likewise, the strongly harmful impact of being unemployed on well-being neither wears off over time, nor do repeated episodes of unemployment make it any better. It thus appears doubtful that an unemployment shock becomes persistent because the unemployed becomes used to, and hence reasonably content with, being without a job.
The contemporary society is privileged today, more than at any other time in history, because access to health services, education, mobility of the population, increased life expectancy and the ...eradication of deadly diseases have led society to a better world. However, billions of people still have a low standard of life, living at the limit of poverty, illness, social exclusion and premature death. In this study we intend to carry out a analysis of the dynamics of age-standardized overall premature mortality rate (from 30 to under 70 years) for four major non communicable diseases: cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus and chronic respiratory diseases (1990-2015), some of the most expressive demographic indicators of the vulnerability of human communities. We will try to overcome a possible correlation between this indicator and other socio-demographic indicators considered by the World Health Organization to be important: the unemployment rate, total expenditure on health as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) (WHO estimates) (%), consumption of alcohol, percentage of children vaccinated against measles etc. From a methodological point of view, both the general trends analyzed at the level of the European countries and the specific trends observed at the national level are concerned. The data used are part of the database of the World Health Organization, EUROSTAT, www.indexmundi.com›. The territorial analysis mediated by the GIS will permanently accompany the statistical methods, constituting the specific geographical contribution essential to the whole approach. Following the documentation from the specialized literature, the consultation of the statistical data and the realization of the graphic and catalog materials, we would like to carry out a qualitative analysis, confirming the initial hypotheses.
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has affected living standards around the world, and pandemic anxiety has changed social habits. In this context, this paper investigates the relationship ...between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life, and assesses the mediating effect of loneliness on this relationship among a sample of older adults in Turkey. The study considers data from approximately 400 people, all of whom completed the CASP-19 Quality of Life Scale in Older People, the Loneliness Scale for the Elderly and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to confirm a one-factor structure for each instrument. Subsequently, mediation analysis, correcting for age as a continuous covariate, was performed to assess the nature of the relationship between fear and quality of life, and the extent to which that relationship is mediated by loneliness. Our study showed that there is a negative and direct relationship between loneliness and quality of life. Another important finding of our research is that fear of COVID-19 has a significant effect on loneliness. Finally, loneliness mediates the relation between fear of COVID-19 and quality of life. This finding strongly suggests that fear of COVID-19 influences quality of life via loneliness. This result is noteworthy, as we could not find any similar finding in the literature.
•A substantial drop of pediatric burns in the major paediatric burn centre in Croatia.•Improvement in the standard of living is most likely to be related to this drop.•Housing standard, employment ...rate and level of education were crucial.
In the “Children’s Hospital Zagreb Referral Centre for Paediatric Trauma of the Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia (MHC)” we observed a significant decline in the number of both hospitalised and ambulatory treated paediatric patients with burn injuries in the period from 2011 to 2018. Our hypothesis is that this decline could be either due to the decline of the paediatric population of Croatia or due to the economic growth and the improvement in the standard of living that Croatians have enjoyed in the past decade.
In this observational study, we analysed data on the numbers of patients treated due to burn injuries from January 2011 to December 2018 in the Children’s Hospital Zagreb Hospital. Indicators of standard of living and population size estimates were obtained from Eurostat and the Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Associations between the proportion of people with poor standard of living and the number of treated patients were analysed with logistic regression models.
Percentage of the population with low housing standards, percentage of Croatians with low level of education, percentage of children that live in jobless households, and percentage of children at risk of poverty and social exclusion were predictors of the rate of hospital admissions, ambulatory treated patients and total number of treatments. The slight decrease in the rate of treated patients was interrupted with notable decline in 2014 followed by the slight increase in 2015. Over following years, the rate did not change remarkably.
Apart from the decline of the paediatric population of Croatia, it is reasonable to assume that the improvement in the standard of housing, level of education and employment rate as well as the reduction in the risk of poverty and social exclusion in children had a notable contribution to the decline in the rate of paediatric burns in the observed period.
According to Khan and Jain, “Finance is the art and science of managing money”. Rather than being a need, housing has started contributing much toward ensuring safe living, increasing productivity ...and serving as a source of generating income. ...housing has become an inevitable part of a civilized life. ...housing aims to meet four requirements: (1) shelter from intruders and natural forces (2) protection from physical damage (3) provide basic amenities which promote good health and (4) adequate space privacy (Devasia, 2010). The provision of adequate housing also paves way for fulfilling crucial goals like good health, education, better standard of living, security, shelter, amenities and privacy for all human beings thereby ensuring good living conditions. ...it guarantees a better physical and social environment where an individual grows and matures as a good citizen.
This paper focuses on Kochav-Yair and Oranit, two localities that exemplify the Israeli Suburban Settlement phenomenon. With the first being developed by a selective group of families and the latter ...by a single private entrepreneur, yet both with the full support of the state, they represent the selective privatisation of the national settlement project during the 1980s. Examining the geopolitical, social and economic interests that accompanied their development, this paper illustrates how both projects incorporated the upper-middle-class bourgeoisie in the national territorial effort along the border with the occupied West-Bank (the Green-Line). Analysing the planning and construction process of both case studies, as well as their spatial characteristics, this paper explains how the upwardly middle-class and its contractors were granted substantial planning rights. Consequently, enabling them to influence the production of space while promoting a new local suburban typology that is based on better living standards, private family life and a distinctive isolated community. Therefore, this paper illustrates the Suburban Settlement typology as an outcome of the bourgeoisification of the Green-Line, which domesticated the former frontier area and enabled its inclusion in the greater national consensus.
Globally, promoting mental wellbeing among adolescents is of great public health and social significance. However, less is known about advances in measures of mental wellbeing, relevant for use in ...mental health interventions, which are age-appropriate and acceptable for use among adolescents. Comprehensive assessment includes multiple aspects of mental wellbeing, as well as positive indicators of feeling and functioning. This review used systematic review methods, guided by PRISMA, to identify and assess comprehensive instruments in terms of their content, conceptual relevance for youth, and responsiveness to change. Ryan and Deci’s framework for mental wellbeing, grounded in hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives, was applied to assess the preponderance of feeling and functioning items for each instrument. The review identified 11 instruments that fit specified inclusion criteria. Only four of the scales were developed for adolescents. Though the scales varied in their preponderance of items, all scales encompassed at least one indicator of both feeling and functioning. Findings emphasize the importance of validating adult-developed instruments for youth and ensuring the instrument’s cultural and conceptual relevance within groups of adolescents. As promoting mental wellbeing becomes critical to the field of practice, practitioners need access to relevant and acceptable measures.
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