Speed running analysis using laser sensors allows to obtain data in real-time showing an advantage compared with other systems. The
objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability ...of the laser sensor of the BioLaserSport® system for the calculation of
mean and maximum velocities using relative and absolute statistics tools. The participants were 17 men (20.85 ± 1.54 years). A laser
sensor type 1 (LDM301, Jenoptik, Germany) was used to record positions of the subjects to 2000 Hz. The data were analyzed using DSL-
30 routine created with DasyLab v.10.0. A Photogrammetry-2D system with a high-speed camera (Exilim High Speed EX-F1, Casio) and
SkillSpector v.1.3.2. (Video4coach, Grubbemollevej) and a reference system 4 x 2 m2 was used. Furthermore, a double photocell
(Polifemo Light, Microgate, Italy) with an electronic stopwatch (Microgate, Italy) Racetime2 was used. Three series of 30 m sprint were
recorded during two days. The results indicated that the laser sensor provided differences in mean and maximum velocities of -0.11 ms-
1 and 0.14 ms-1, respectively. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.86 in relation to photogrammetry and higher than 0.92 in
relation to photo-cells. The laser system showed an excellent test-retest reliability for mean velocities with a coefficient of correlation
intraclass (ICC) between 0.7-0.9. The standard error of the mean (SEM and SEM%), intra-session e inter-session, were lower than, 0.05
ms-1 and 0.12 ms-1, respectively, and in both cases less than 0.75% and 2%, respectively . In relation to maximum velocities, the
values were lower than 0.10 ms-1 and 0.17 ms-1, respectively, and in both cases less than 1.36% and 1,89%. The minimum detectable
change (MDC and MDC%) intra-session, for both variables, was lower than 0.14 ms-1 and 0.29 ms-1, respectively, (< 2.09% y <
3.76%). In relation to inter-session, the values were lower than 0.34 ms-1 and 0.47 ms-1 (< 5.56% y < 5.25%), respectively.
Therefore, the laser system was a useful tool to analyze the evolution of the intra-subject and inter-subject velocity in a 30 m sprint running.
Moreover, it provides results in real time, although assessing performance improvements must be considered the SEM, SEM%, MDC
and MDC% values.
El análisis de la velocidad de carrera mediante sensores láser permite la obtención de datos en tiempo real siendo ventajosos frente a
otros sistemas. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la validez y fiabilidad del sensor láser del sistema BioLaserSport® para el cálculo
de velocidades medias y máximas mediante estadísticos relativos y absolutos. Los participantes fueron 17 varones (20.85 ± 1.54 años).
Se utilizó un sensor láser tipo 1 (LDM301, Jenoptik, Germany) que registró posiciones de los deportistas a 2000 Hz. Los datos se trataron
con la rutina DSL-30 creada con DasyLab v.10.0. Para la validación se utilizó un sistema de fotogrametría-2D con una cámara de alta
velocidad (Exilim High Speed EX-F1, Casio) y SkillSpector v.1.3.2. (Video4coach, Grubbemollevej). Además, se utilizaron foto-células de
doble haz (Polifemo Light, Microgate, Italy) y un cronómetro Racetime2 (Microgate, Italy). Se registraron, durante dos días, tres series
de 30 m de carrera a máxima velocidad. El sensor láser proporcionó, con relación a la fotogrametría, diferencias en las velocidades
medias y máximas de -0.11 ms-1 y 0.14 ms-1, respectivamente, con unos coeficientes de correlación superiores a 0.86, y mayores
de 0.92 con las foto-células para las velocidades medias. Este mostró una excelente fiabilidad test-retest para las velocidades medias
con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) entre 0.7-0.9 y un error estándar de la media (SEM y SEM%), intrasesión e intersesión,
menor de 0.05 ms-1 y 0.12 ms-1, respectivamente, y menores de 0.75% y de 2%, respectivamente. Para las velocidades máximas,
los valores fueron menores de 0.10 ms-1 y 0.17 ms-1, respectivamente, y en ambos casos menores a 1.36% y 1,89%. El láser
fue capaz de identificar mínimos cambios detectables (MDC y MDC%) intrasesión, para ambas variables, menores a 0.14 ms-1 y 0.29
ms-1, respectivamente (< 2.09% y < 3.76%) e intersesión, menores de 0.34 ms-1 y 0.47 ms-1 (< 5.56% y < 5.25%), respectivamente.
En consecuencia, es un instrumento útil para el análisis de la evolución de la velocidad intrasujeto y entre sujetos en la carrera
de velocidad entre 0-30 m, proporcionando resultados en tiempo real, pero se han de considerar los SEM, SEM%, MDC y MDC% para
valorar la mejora del rendimiento.
Background: Low back pain is a common and costly health care problem. This pilot study evaluated the sensitivity of the 2-stopwatch and Paris plinth methodologies for assessing time-to-onset of pain ...relief and flexibility, respectively, with continuous, low-level heatwrap therapy. Research Design and Methods: Subjects aged 18 to 55 years with at least moderate baseline acute low back pain were randomly assigned to either heatwrap or oral placebo for 8 hours. Unheated wrap (sham) and oral ibuprofen were included for blinding purposes only. Results: Sixty-one subjects were randomly assigned to either heatwrap (n = 26), oral placebo (n = 25), sham wrap (n = 5), or oral ibuprofen (n = 5). Median time to confirmed first perceptible pain relief and to meaningful pain relief were significantly shorter for the heatwrap group compared with those assigned to oral placebo (96.5 vs < 240.0 min and 215.7 vs > 240.0 min, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). Among subjects receiving the heatwrap, 53.8% reported first perceptible and meaningful relief, compared with 28.0% receiving oral placebo. Subjective measures of pain relief, back stiffness, and global evaluation were more sensitive in detecting treatment differences than the plinth assessments of flexibility, range of motion, and pain. Three adverse events were reported as mild in severity and considered unrelated to study treatment. Conclusions: The 2-stopwatch methodology is a viable approach for assessing onset of analgesia in low back pain; however, the plinth may not be a reliable method for assessing flexibility. Consistent with published studies involving much larger sample sizes, the heatwrap provided significantly faster and sustained pain relief than oral placebo in subjects with acute low back pain. Clinical Trial Identifier: NCT01045993.
Sprinting speed is an important physical attribute in many sports and therefore is often trained and tested. Both manual handheld stopwatch timing methods (MT) and electronic timing (ET) are used, ...but the differences in the results of these methods are unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare MT and ET during the 20 yard (18.3 meter) and 40 yard (36.6 meter) sprints. Subjects included 90 men who participated in NCAA Division III football (20.1 c 1.40 years). The test sprints were simultaneously evaluated with MT and ET. A paired samples t-test revealed that MT resulted in faster sprint times than ET for both the 20 yard (p , 0.001) and 40 yard sprints (p , 0.001). Compared to the ET, MT yielded times were an average of 0.20 seconds (6.4%) faster in the 20 yard sprint. Mean MT sprint times during the 40 yard sprint were an average of 0.27 seconds (5.3%) faster than the ET condition. Additionally, the variability of ET was considerably less than MT with standard deviations of 0.024 and 0.049 seconds for the ET and MT conditions, respectively, for the 40 yard sprint. Electronic timing produced slower, though potentially more accurate testing results with less variability compared to MT. Results of this study provide practitioners with information that allows accurate interpretation of differences between MT and ET methods.
In this paper, we present the features of Romeo, a Time Petri Net (TPN) analyzer. The tool Romeo allows state space computation of TPN and on-the-fly model-checking of reachability properties. It ...performs translations from TPNs to Timed Automata (TAs) that preserve the behavioural semantics (timed bisimilarity) of the TPNs. Besides, our tool also deals with an extension of Time Petri Nets (Scheduling-TPNs) for which the valuations of transitions may be stopped and resumed, thus allowing the modeling preemption.
ABSTRACT Background The authors evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels compared with those of a vehicle (placebo) gel for the temporary relief of ...toothache pain. They also assessed the compliance with the label dose administration directions on the part of participants with toothache pain. Methods Under double-masked conditions, 576 participants self-applied study gel to an open tooth cavity and surrounding oral tissues. Participants evaluated their pain intensity and pain relief for 120 minutes. The authors determined the amount of gel the participants applied. Results The responders’ rates (the primary efficacy parameter), defined as the percentage of participants who had an improvement in pain intensity as exhibited by a pain score reduction of at least one unit on the dental pain scale from baseline for two consecutive assessments any time between the five- and 20-minute points, were 87.3 percent, 80.7 percent and 70.4 percent, respectively, for 20 percent benzocaine gel, 10 percent benzocaine gel and vehicle gel. Both benzocaine gels were significantly ( P ≤ .05) better than vehicle gel; the 20 percent benzocaine gel also was significantly ( P ≤ .05) better than the 10 percent benzocaine gel. The mean amount of gel applied was 235.6 milligrams, with 88.2 percent of participants applying 400 mg or less. Conclusions Both 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels were more efficacious than the vehicle gel, and the 20 percent benzocaine gel was more efficacious than the 10 percent benzocaine gel. All treatments were well tolerated by participants. Practical Implications Patients can use 10 percent and 20 percent benzocaine gels to temporarily treat toothache pain safely.
A modeling paradigm is introduced which defines an extension of
T
-Time Petri Nets with the concept of Stopwatch. In this model, stopwatches which are associated with transitions, can be reset either ...by using classical mechanism in Time Petri Nets or by the firing of the corresponding transitions. The resulting model, which we call Post- and Pre-initialized Stopwatch Petri Nets or SWPN, permits a natural description of so-called preemption-resume behavior.
We give the formal semantics of this model as a timed transitions system and we position SWPN with regard to other classes of Petri nets destined to model preemptive behavior. We also propose a method for computing the state space of a SWPN as a stopwatch automaton. The method consists of labeling firstly the marking graph of a SWPN as a stopwatch automaton. Then, a forward region-based algorithm is applied to this automaton by using an analyzing tool on linear hybrid system PHAVer in order to compute its reachable states. The obtained automaton is proved to be timed bisimilar to initial SWPN. Thus, the verification of quantitative properties can be conducted thanks to the such obtained automaton.
According to the lean manufacturing philosophy, productivity can be boosted via work and time measurement techniques by establishing suitable standard time and work methods. Standard is a level or ...grade that can be used as a measure for comparative evaluation as a benchmark. It is developed and documented for many evaluations. For the case study, a standard time was developed for the changeover process in die bond, which is a process in the semiconductor company. The standard time was developed for the new improved work elements of changeover process in the company. The work elements in the changeover process were first identified and established. Normal time, a value needed to calculate standard time was obtained by two work measurements namely stopwatch time study and BasicMOST. The non-value-added activities and their respective time in the changeover was identified via the synergy of data from both work measurements with the integration of both quantitative, comparison of normal time and qualitative analysis. In a flow process chart 7 out of 18 work elements were classified as transport activity, which was taken as non-value-added activity, and these took up 39 percent of the changeover time. A total of 7.56 seconds was then excluded from the standard time. The standard time was calculated to be 22.91 minutes using BasicMOST. Since there was only a minor difference in times, less than 27.84 seconds from BasicMOST, the standard time was based on BasicMOST, and the improved work procedures have been validated as effective.
RasPiChrono: A Raspberry Pi Based Economical 3-in-1 Countdown Timer Nimje, Apurva; Joshi, Sonali; Ghutke, Payal ...
2023 11th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology - Signal and Information Processing (ICETET - SIP),
2023-April-28
Conference Proceeding
A 3-in-1 clock, stopwatch, and countdown timer can be designed using any programming language on any platform, not necessarily limited to Python and Raspberry Pi. The objective is to create a ...multi-functional timekeeping device that can display the current time, act as a stopwatch for timing events, and function as a countdown timer for tracking the remaining time until a particular event. To achieve this, it makes use of the Raspberry Pi's built-in clock and timer functions, as well as the GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins for interfacing with the hardware components such as the display, buttons, and buzzer. The software is programmed in Python and utilizes libraries such as Tkinter for the graphical user interface and the RPi. GPIO for GPIO pin management. The clock component displays the current time in hours, minutes, and seconds, and includes an option to set an alarm. The stopwatch function can be started, paused, and reset as needed. The countdown timer allows the user to set a specific duration and displays the remaining time until the timer reaches zero. In conclusion, this demonstrates the versatility of the Raspberry Pi platform and the power of the Python programming language in creating a 3-in-1 clock, stopwatch, and countdown timer. The resulting device is a useful and practical tool for tracking time, suitable for a range of applications such as timing athletic events, cooking, and personal scheduling. It also provides valuable experience in hardware interfacing and GUI programming for Raspberry Pi.
PDF
