In the 1990s three college campuses in California exploded as Chicano/a and Latino/a students went on hunger strikes. Through courageous self-sacrifice, these students risked their lives to challenge ...racial neoliberalism, budget cuts, and fee increases. The strikers acted and spoke spectacularly and, despite great odds, produced substantive change.Social movement scholars have raised the question of why some people risk their lives to create a better world. InStarving for Justice, Ralph Armbruster-Sandoval uses interviews and archival material to examine people's willingness to make the extreme sacrifice and give their lives in order to create a more just society.Popular memory and scholarly discourse around social movements have long acknowledged the actions of student groups during the 1960s. Now Armbruster-Sandoval extends our understanding of social justice and activism, providing one of the first examinations of Chicana/o and Latina/o student activism in the 1990s.Students at University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, Santa Barbara; and Stanford University went on hunger strikes to demand the establishment and expansion of Chicana/o studies departments. They also had even broader aspirations-to obtain dignity and justice for all people. These students spoke eloquently, making their bodies and concerns visible. They challenged anti-immigrant politics. They scrutinized the rapid growth of the prison-industrial complex, racial and class polarization, and the university's neoliberalization. Though they did not fully succeed in having all their demands met, they helped generate long-lasting social change on their respective campuses, making those learning institutions more just.
This book analyses the 1984-5 miners' strike by focusing on its vital Scottish dimensions, especially the role of workplace politics and community mobilisation.
In her incisive analysis of the shaping of California's agricultural work force, Devra Weber shows how the cultural background of Mexican and, later, Anglo-American workers, combined with the ...structure of capitalist cotton production and New Deal politics, forging a new form of labor relations. She pays particular attention to Mexican field workers and their organized struggles, including the famous strikes of 1933.
Weber's perceptive examination of the relationships between economic structure, human agency, and the state, as well as her discussions of the crucial role of women in both Mexican and Anglo working-class life, make her book a valuable contribution to labor, agriculture, Chicano, Mexican, and California history.
On 4 and 6 July 2019, two large strike‐slip earthquakes with W‐phase moment magnitudes MWW 6.5 (foreshock) and MWW 7.1 (mainshock) struck the Eastern California Shear Zone, northeast of Ridgecrest. ...The faulting geometry and kinematic coseismic slip distribution of both events are determined by jointly inverting seismological and geodetic observations guided by aftershock and surface rupture locations. The foreshock ruptured two orthogonal faults with a prominent L‐shaped geometry with maximum slip of ~1.1 m on the NE‐SW segment. The mainshock faulting extended NW‐SE along several primary fault segments that straddle the foreshock slip. The surface rupture and slip model indicate mostly near‐horizontal strike‐slip motion with maximum slip of ~3.7 m, but there is a localized vertical dip‐slip motion. Both the foreshock and mainshock ruptures terminate in regions of complex surface offsets. High aftershock productivity and low rupture velocity may be the result of rupture of a relatively immature fault system.
Plain Language Summary
Two large earthquakes on 4 July 2019 (magnitude 6.5) and 6 July 2019 (magnitude 7.1) struck northeast of Ridgecrest, California. Earthquakes such as the 1995 Ridgecrest earthquake have occurred previously in this broad region, called the Eastern California Shear Zone, but the deformation is not concentrated into a dominant single fault. The first rupture involved slip on two perpendicular faults, one aligned NE‐SW and the other NW‐SE, with slip and aftershocks forming an L‐shaped pattern. Most slip was on the NE‐SW fault. The mainshock ruptured a sequence of NW‐SE trending faults, with slip extending across the short NW‐SE segment ruptured in the foreshock. Both ruptures were delimited by zones of multiple surface fractures. The rupture for the mainshock expanded relatively slowly with low radiated energy, and a large number of aftershocks occurred, suggesting rupture of an immature segmented fault system.
Key Points
The 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence began with rupture of orthogonal faults in a MWW 6.5 earthquake, with most slip on a NE‐SW fault
A larger, MWW 7.1 mainshock extended along a sequence of NW‐SE strike‐slip segments straddling a short segment ruptured in the foreshock
Low rupture velocity and radiated energy with high aftershock production accompany immature fault zone rupture triggering a larger event
Hydropower is currently one of the preeminent sources of renewable energy in the United States and globally. Hydropower plants also have detrimental impacts on the environment and ecology, including ...direct impacts to anadromous fish populations. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) – based Biological Performance Assessment (BioPA) toolset is used for biological evaluations of fish passage through hydropower plants. The hydraulic environment of a hydropower plant was evaluated using CFD coupled with discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The predicted flow field and particle collision rate were validated against the experimental data in a water flume that has an idealized hydroturbine distributor geometry. Flow simulations were conducted to evaluate the hydraulic stressors, such as nadir pressure, fluid shear, runner collision, in a physical scale in a hydropower plant with Kaplan turbine which are responsible for injury and mortality of fish in a downstream migration. The cumulative exposure probability for the nadir pressure and collision with turbine runner was found to decrease with increased discharge rate. The lowest discharge rate shows the higher value of cumulative shear exposure probability. The maximum value of collision velocity increases with increased discharge rate. We offer the conclusions that will help in understanding various hydraulic stressors for biological assessment for environmentally sustainable hydroturbine passage.
•Computational particle-flow simulations for investigating fish movement in a hydropower plant.•BioPA used to compute exposure probability of stressors that fish experiences in hydropower plant.•DEM is used to predict velocity and statistics of particles' collisions with turbine runner.•Strike velocity is a key factor for evaluating fish injury/mortality in a hydropower plant.
The ca. 700‐km long Yalu River Fault Zone (YRFZ) is a major component of the NE striking strike‐slip fault system of the East Asia continental margin, which was active during the late Mesozoic. ...Despite its importance, the origin and timing of activity along the fault zone remain unclear. We present structural data that indicate that the NE striking YRFZ was initiated as a sinistral strike‐slip fault zone. Ductile, brittle‐ductile, and brittle structures are exposed along its length, with more ductile structures in the southwest. The shear belts and faults predominantly dip steeply to the southeast and have a minor reverse component of motion. Microstructures indicate deformation temperatures of ~300°C–500°C for the ductile region and ~200°C–300°C for the brittle‐ductile region. Inversion of fault slip data measured from brittle faults indicates that the sinistral motion was a result of N‐S compression. We present in situ zircon U‐Pb dating results for deformed and undeformed igneous rocks sampled from the ductile shear belts, indicating that sinistral faulting occurred between 146 and 131 Ma. This result correlates with the timing of a regional N‐S shortening event during the earliest Early Cretaceous. Our data, together with other published studies of this strike‐slip fault system, suggest that the East Asia shear margin was initiated at the beginning of the Early Cretaceous with the synchronous formation of a series of NE to NNE striking sinistral faults. This brief transpressive event along the shear margin was a result of the rapid, oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate along a NNE trending trench.
Key Points
The ca. 700‐km long Yalu River Fault Zone in NE Asia was initiated as a sinistral fault zone
The sinistral faulting took place at the beginning of the Early Cretaceous
The synchronous East Asia shear margin was a result of the oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate
Doctor strikes cause major disruption for hospitals and patients. Past attempts to estimate impacts on patients suffer from selection issues due to changing patient composition during strikes. We ...address these issues by exploiting differential hospital exposure to a 2016 ‘junior’ doctor strike in England to estimate the impact of doctor strikes on patient outcomes. Using the pre-strike junior-senior doctor ratio to measure exposure, we show increased strike exposure led to larger reductions in elective volumes, but did not affect volumes, average mortality or readmission rates for emergency patients. However, greater exposure to the strike did lead to higher readmission rates for black emergency patients. This suggests that while hospitals managed to mitigate many of the negative effects of the strikes, disruptions from the strikes still had negative consequences for some minority groups.
The East Asian continental margin straddles the boundary between the Pacific Subduction Domain to the east and the Tethyan Collision Domain to the west. The spatial and temporal interaction between ...these two dynamic domains induced a dextral trans-tensional stress field, generating nearly 75% of the globe's marginal seas and continental margin rifts during the Cenozoic. Among these, the South China Sea (SCS) and its northern margin are located in the core of the Pacific Subduction Domain and the Tethyan Collision Domain. The evolution of the SCS and its northern margin are of prime interest because of their spectacular magnetic lineations and strong rifting. In spite of the several investigations carried out on the Cenozoic marginal seas and rift basins, their formation mechanisms remain equivocal. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of seismic profiles and fault architecture data with a view to understand the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the SCS. Based on detailed structural analysis of the geometry and kinematics, we demonstrate that the NE- and ENE-striking faults assembled to horsetail- or feather-shaped structures in plan view, which display flower-like structures in seismic profiles. Two stages of faulting along NE-trending faults are identified along the northern margin of the SCS. The earlier oblique extension occurred during the Paleocene to the early Middle Eocene (~44–42 Ma), accompanied by strong rifting and formation of some left-step en echelon-like faults. The later trans-tensional faulting developed during the late Middle Eocene to the Early Miocene (~21 Ma), resulting in the formation of the dextral right-step trans-tensional fault system. Two stages of faulting were linked to the joint effect among the Indo-Eurasian collision to the west, the subduction of the Pacific Plate to the east and the slab pull of the proto-SCS to the south. Our study provides important insights into the dynamics and tectonics controlling the opening of the South China Sea. During the Late Eocene to the Oligocene, the dextral trans-extensional faulting along the right-step strike-slip fault system caused the opening of the Northwest Sub-basin, the East Sub-basin and the Northeast Sub-basin. However, during the Early Miocene, the sinistral strike slipping of the Ailao Shan-Red River (ASRR) shear zone and the slab-pull force of the proto-SCS resulted in the opening of the Southwest Sub-basin and the change of the spreading direction of the East Sub-basin.
Intraplate strike-slip zones commonly display intricate 3-D geometries, with rapid changes in structural style along strike and with depth. Strike-slip deformation typically results in complex ...vertical and horizontal sections that can be difficult to interpret coherently. Physical modelling of strike-slip fault systems is a powerful and graphic tool to help in providing a unified picture of the evolution of strike-slip zones with considerable spatial and temporal detail. A large number of experimental studies have investigated different aspects of strike-slip tectonics using materials such as dry sand, wet clay, or silicone. The choice of analogue material and experimental design exerts a strong control on the structures that form in the model.
Here we present a review of different experimental setups used to investigate intraplate strike-slip tectonics, from the classical Riedel experiment to more sophisticated setups using brittle and viscous analogue materials. We review our current understanding from models of distributed shear, transtension, transpression, pull-apart basins formed in releasing stepovers, and popups formed in restraining stepovers. In addition, we present the results of two new experimental series that investigated (1) the effect of crustal weak zones on strike-slip fault-zone segmentation and (2) strike-slip and transpressional reactivation of extensional basins.
► We present an extensive review of analogue modeling of intra-plate strike-slip fault systems. ► We examine classic Riedel shear experiments, distributed shear, transpression, and transtension. ► The detailed formation of pull-apart basins and popup structures are examined using analogue models. ► We investigate (a) induced fault segmentation by crustal weak layers, and (b), basin inversion by strike-slip reactivation. ► An extensive use of supplementary video files illustrates the evolution and geometries of these complex fault systems.
On 22 October 2020, the Constitutional Tribunal (Poland’s constitutional court) issued a ruling that effectively restricted the legality of abortion, which triggered massive protests (“women’s ...strike”). In this paper, I take a deeper look at the women’s strike in Poland in order to examine whether its central demand, i.e. the change of law on abortion, pertains to occupational or socio-economic interests of workers and thus meets the criteria for subject matter appropriate to a strike. I also discuss whether this demand may be raised by an actor, such as the “Polish Women’s Strike”, that is not a labour union. The model of the right to strike enshrined in the Polish Constitution and ILO standards (ILO case no 3111 against Poland) prompts a broad interpretation of the right to strike, which leads to the conclusion that politically motivated strikes are allowed under Polish law. I then review the potential interdependencies between abortion and workers’ rights and argue that changing the law on abortion meets the legal criteria for strike demands. Nevertheless, organizations that are not created to represent the collective interests of workers have no legally sanctioned powers to call a strike.
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