Over the last few decades, economists and psychologists have quietly documented the many ways in which a person's IQ matters. But, research suggests that a nation's IQ matters so much more.As Garett ...Jones argues in Hive Mind, modest differences in national IQ can explain most cross-country inequalities. Whereas IQ scores do a moderately good job of predicting individual wages, information processing power, and brain size, a country's average score is a much stronger bellwether of its overall prosperity. Drawing on an expansive array of research from psychology, economics, management, and political science, Jones argues that intelligence and cognitive skill are significantly more important on a national level than on an individual one because they have "positive spillovers." On average, people who do better on standardized tests are more patient, more cooperative, and have better memories. As a result, these qualities—and others necessary to take on the complexity of a modern economy—become more prevalent in a society as national test scores rise. What's more, when we are surrounded by slightly more patient, informed, and cooperative neighbors we take on these qualities a bit more ourselves. In other words, the worker bees in every nation create a "hive mind" with a power all its own. Once the hive is established, each individual has only a tiny impact on his or her own life. Jones makes the case that, through better nutrition and schooling, we can raise IQ, thereby fostering higher savings rates, more productive teams, and more effective bureaucracies. After demonstrating how test scores that matter little for individuals can mean a world of difference for nations, the book leaves readers with policy- oriented conclusions and hopeful speculation: Whether we lift up the bottom through changing the nature of work, institutional improvements, or freer immigration, it is possible that this period of massive global inequality will be a short season by the standards of human history if we raise our global IQ.
Množično samoanketiranje v praksi Jernej Tiran; Matjaž Geršič; Jani Kozina ...
Dela (Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za geografijo),
08/2021
52
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Načrtovanje in izvedba anketne raziskave sta zelo kompleksna procesa. Spremljajo ju številni izzivi, ki pomembno vplivajo na uspešnost anketne raziskave. To velja tudi za samoanketiranje, kjer proces ...odgovarjanja poteka brez prisotnosti anketarja. Namen prispevka je osvetliti izbrane, doslej slabše raziskane metodološke vidike samoanketiranja: izbor načina anketiranja, stopnja sodelovanja, varovanje osebnih podatkov ter stroški in logistika. Rezultati temeljijo na primerjalni analizi štirih samoanketiranj z zelo velikimi vzorci, izvedenih med letoma 2012 in 2017. Na podlagi ugotovitev smo oblikovali nekaj metodoloških priporočil, ki so snovalcem in izvajalcem anketiranj lahko v pomoč pri načrtovanju in izvedbi raziskave.
Zusammenfassung Um auch die unbeabsichtigten Folgen ihrer Politik zu ermitteln, unternehmen Regierungen umfassende Gesetzesfolgenabschätzungen. Immer häufiger lassen sie sich dabei von unabhängigen ...Expertengremien kontrollieren. Doch: Wie erzielen diese Gremien Einfluss? Und welche Rolle spielen sie als Politikberater für Bürokratieabbau und bessere Rechtsetzung? Das Buch eröffnet neue Einblicke in die Entwicklungshistorie und Handlungsrealität der drei erfahrensten Normenkontrollräte in Europa. Vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher Verwaltungskulturen werden die Ratstypen „Wachhund“, „Torwächter“ und „Kritischer Freund“ herausgearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse schärfen die politische und wissenschaftliche Debatte um die Leistungsfähigkeit von Normenkontrollräten. Abstract In order to calculate the unintended consequences of their policies, governments conduct comprehensive assessments of the impact of legislation. In doing so, they have independent expert committees monitor them on an increasingly frequent basis. However, in what ways do these committees have an influence in this respect? And what role do they play as policy advisors in terms of dismantling bureaucracy and better legislation? This book provides new insights into the history of the development of the three most experienced supervisory bodies in Europe and the reality of how they conduct themselves. Against the backdrop of various administrative cultures, the book presents the following types of supervisory committees in detail: ‘watchdog’, ‘gatekeeper’ and ‘critical friend’. Its findings intensify the political and academic debate on the performance and efficiency of supervisory bodies.
Telemonitoring improves clinical outcomes in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), however, cost structure analyses are lacking. This study seeks to explore the cost ...structure of telemonitoring for the elderly with AH and T2D in primary care and identify factors influencing costs for potential future expansions.
Infrastructure, operational, patient participation, and out-of-pocket costs were determined using a bottom-up approach. Infrastructure costs were determined by dividing equipment and telemonitoring platform expenses by the number of participants. Operational and patient participation costs were determined by considering patient training time, data measurement/review time, and teleconsultation time. The change in out-of-pocket costs was assessed in both groups using a structured questionnaire and 12-month expenditure data. Statistical analysis employed an unpaired sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test.
A total of 117 patients aged 71.4±4.7 years were included in the study. The telemonitoring intervention incurred an annual infrastructure costs of €489.4 and operational costs of €97.3 (95% CI 85.7-109.0) per patient. Patient annual participation costs were €215.6 (95% CI 190.9-241.1). Average annual out-of-pocket costs for both groups were €345 (95% CI 221-469). After 12 months the telemonitoring group reported significantly lower out-of-pocket costs (€132 vs. €545, p<0.001), driven by reduced spending on food, dietary supplements, medical equipment, and specialist check-ups compared to the standard care group.
To optimise the cost structure of telemonitoring, strategies like shortening the telemonitoring period, developing a national telemonitoring platform, using patient devices, integrating artificial intelligence into platforms, and involving nurse practitioners as telemedicine centre coordinators should be explored.
Abstract Introduction Arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) represent a significant burden for the public health system, with an exceptionally high prevalence in patients aged ≥65 ...years. This study aims to test the acceptability, clinical effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of telemonitoring in elderly patients with AH and T2D at the primary care level. Methods A m ulti-centre, prospective, randomized, controlled t rial w ill be conducted. Patients a ged ≥ 65 y ears with AH and T2D will be randomized in a 1:1 proportion to a mHealth intervention or standard care group. Patients in the intervention group will measure their blood pressure (BP) twice weekly and blood glucose (BG) once monthly. The readings will be synchronously transmitted via a mobile application to the telemonitoring platform, where they will be reviewed by a general practitioner who will indicate changes in measurement regimen or carry out a teleconsultation. The primary endpoint will be a change in systolic BP (SBP) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) relative to standard care up to 12 months after inclusion. Secondary endpoints will be a change in other observed clinical variables, quality-of-life indexes, and costs. Expected results Telemonitoring will be an acceptable method of care associated with significant reductions in SBP and HbA1c levels and an increase in quality-of-life indexes in the intervention group. However, the cost-effectiveness threshold (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio below €25,000/quality-adjusted life year) might not be reached. Conclusion This study will provide new evidence for scaling up telemonitoring network at the primary care level and modifying telemonitoring protocols to achieve the best clinical and cost-effective outcomes.
Izhodišče: Smernice za obravnavo nespecifične bolečine v križu odsvetujejo rentgensko slikanje skeleta v prvih 4–6 tednih trajanja bolečine. Preobremenjenost radioloških oddelkov z neustrezno ...indiciranim slikanjem je spodbudila uvedbo konzultacije pri radiologu. V Zdravstvenem domu Ljubljana (ZDL) smo jo uvedli januarja 2013. Ponudili smo jo vsem bolnikom v starosti od 25 do 45 let, napotenim na rentgensko slikanje (rtg) hrbtenice.Metoda: Preverili smo število vseh slikanj hrbtenice v ZDL pri bolnikih med 25. in 45. letom starosti v letih 2011–2018. Primerjali smo število preiskav na leto v ZDL z dvema zunajbolnišničnima radiološkima oddelkoma v Sloveniji. Storitev konzultacije smo ocenili z vprašalnikom o neželenih dogodkih in smiselnosti storitve, ki smo ga v začetku leta 2016 poslali vsem obravnavanim bolnikom (N = 497) in njihovim napotnim zdravnikom (N = 134).Rezultati: Po uvedbi konzultacije število napotitev na rtg hrbtenice v ZDL upada. Na vprašalnik je odgovorilo 149 (30 %) bolnikov in 65 (48 %) zdravnikov. Večina (95,8 %) napotnih zdravnikov meni, da odlog ali odstop od slikanja ni povzročil zamude v diagnostičnem ali terapevtskem postopku. Prav tako jih večina (95,9 %) meni, da je taka obravnava smiselna. Bolniki so ocenili informacije kot razumljive (97,1 %), koristne (89,7 %) in nekaj novega (72,8 %).Zaključek: Konzultacija pri radiologu lahko zmanjša število nepotrebnih napotitev na rtg diagnosticiranje. Je enostavna, legitimna, strokovno upravičena, neškodljiva ter glede na ceno ugodna storitev, ki omogoča oseben prenos strokovnih izkušenj in specifičnega radiološkega znanja neposredno na bolnika. S tako radiološko prakso lahko prispevamo h krepitvi preventivnih ukrepov na primarni ravni.
Migraine is associated with significant morbidity and a significantly negative impact on the quality of life. A better understanding of the economic impact of migraine is becoming increasingly ...important. This paper aims to shed light on absenteeism and presenteeism costs of migraine in Slovenia.
We use the administrative national-level database on sick leave due to migraine for 2016. The absenteeism cost estimate is based on the number of patients with migraine on physician-determined sick leave and average daily labour costs. We calculate productivity costs from a social perspective regardless of who incurs them. Data from the national registry on sick leave are coupled with data from a web-based self-reported survey to also include the cost of presenteeism. MIDAS and WPAI presenteeism items were used and several different scenarios were designed to assess presenteeism costs.
We estimated annual absenteeism costs per absentee due to migraine at the amount of EUR 531 in 2016 using the NIPH's administrative data on sick leave. Annual absenteeism costs per absentee due to migraine based on self-reported data amounted to EUR 626. The estimated annual presenteeism costs per patient range from EUR 344 - 900.
Estimating the economic burden of a disease is becoming increasingly important. This paper is an insight into the absenteeism and presenteeism costs of migraine in Slovenia.
Paliativna oskrba prinaša neozdravljivo bolnim mnoge prednosti. V zadnjih dnevih pred smrtjo se lahko pojavi 5 najpogostejših simptomov (bolečina, slabost in bruhanje, nemir in zmedenost, dispneja, ...povečan izloček dihalnih poti), ki jih blažimo z vnaprej predpisanimi zdravili. Namen retrospektivne raziskave je bil ugotoviti razlike v porabi zdravil v zadnjih 6 dnevih med bolniki v paliativni oskrbi, ki jih je vodil tim za paliativno oskrbo, in bolniki, ki so bili vodeni na drugih oddelkih Onkološkega inštituta in paliativni tim v njihovo oskrbo ni bil vključen (kontrolna skupina). V vsaki skupini je bilo po 25 bolnikov; skupini sta bili primerljivi glede na mesto primarnega tumorja in starost bolnikov. Ugotovili smo, da je večina bolnikov v obeh skupinah prejemala močne opioide, druga zdravila za blaženje simptomov (haloperidol, midazolam, deksametazon, butilskopolamin, metoklopramid) pa je prejelo več bolnikov v paliativni oskrbi. Bolniki v paliativni oskrbi so v povprečju prejeli 10 različnih zdravilnih učinkovin, v kontrolni skupini pa 14. Stroški za zdravila so bili 2,7-krat manjši v skupini bolnikov, vključenih v paliativno oskrbo, in so znašali 15 € na bolnika na dan, medtem ko so za bolnika v kontrolni skupini znašali 42 € na dan. Razlika v stroških je bila predvsem posledica nepotrebnega predpisovanja nizkomolekularnih heparinov, sistemskih antibiotikov in antimikotikov ter parenteralne prehrane.
Transaction costs of derivative hedging appear in financial markets. This paper considers the problem of delta hedging and the reduction of expected proportional transaction costs. In the literature ...the expected approximate proportional transaction costs are customarily estimated by the gamma term, usually the largest term of the associated series expansion. However, when options are to expire in a month or few weeks, other terms may become even larger so that more precise estimates are needed. In this paper, different higher-order estimates of proportional transaction costs are analyzed. The problem of the reduction of expected transaction costs is considered. As a result, a suitably adjusted delta is given, for which the expected approximate proportional transaction costs can be reduced. The order of the mean and the variance of the hedging error can be preserved. Several examples are provided.
Na finančnih trgih se pri uporabi hedging tehnike pojavijo transakcijski stroški. V tem članku se obravnava problem uporabe delta hedging tehnike ter redukcije proporcionalnih transakcijskih stroškov. V literaturi navedene metode običajno temeljijo le na uporabi tako imenovanega faktorja gama, ki ponavadi predstavlja največji člen v aproksimacijski vrsti. Toda pri opcijah s kratkim časom dospetja, mesec ali nekaj tednov, lahko drugi členi vrste postanejo celo večji. Tedaj so potrebne natančnejše aproksimacije. V tem članku so analizirane aproksimacije višjega reda in njihova uporaba pri zmanjšanju povprečnih proporcionalnih transakcijskih stroškov. Na podlagi analize je podan ustrezno prilagojen faktor delta, s katerim se povprečni aproksimativni proporcionalni transakcijski stroški lahko zmanjšajo. Pripadajoča napaka hedging tehnike se pri tem ne poveča. Za ilustracijo metode je dodanih nekaj primerov.
Na finančnih trgih se pri uporabi hedging tehnike pojavijo transakcijski stroški. V tem članku se obravnava problem uporabe delta hedging tehnike ter redukcije proporcionalnih transakcijskih ...stroškov. V literaturi navedene metode običajno temeljijo le na uporabi tako imenovanega faktorja gama, ki ponavadi predstavlja največji člen v aproksimacijski vrsti. Toda pri opcijah s kratkim časom dospetja, mesec ali nekaj tednov, lahko drugi členi vrste postanejo celo večji. Tedaj so potrebne natančnejše aproksimacije. V tem članku so analizirane aproksimacije višjega reda in njihova uporaba pri zmanjšanju povprečnih proporcionalnih transakcijskih stroškov. Na podlagi analize je podan ustrezno prilagojen faktor delta, s katerim se povprečni aproksimativni proporcionalni transakcijski stroški lahko zmanjšajo. Pripadajoča napaka hedging tehnike se pri tem ne poveča. Za ilustracijo metode je dodanih nekaj primerov.
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