The majority of interface delay research and practitioner literature recommends minimizing delay as much as possible. However, a very limited number of studies have identified cultural chronism which ...may make the desirability of trading functionality and resources for minimal delays inappropriate within certain populations. Specifically, members of monochronic cultures highly value speed in system response, while those of polychronic cultures do not. This current study extends existing literature to investigate a previously unexplored culture and subculture, respectively, Han Chinese and African Americans, and their attitudes toward download delay and trading download delay for better functionality.
Direct and indirect shoot regeneration in
Vanilla odorata
and indirect for
V. pompona
are described for the first time. Both species produce fragrant, vanillin-containing seed pods and are closely ...related to the commercially cultivated
V. planifolia
. Stem nodal segments cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 2.0 mg l
−1
6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg l
−1
indole butyric acid (IBA) showed > 75% bud sprouting. Media containing 1.0 mg l
−1
BAP or thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with 0.5–1.0 mg l
−1
IBA produced approximately eight shoots/explant. In callus induction experiments, we found that shoot tips from
in vitro
plantlets were more responsive than leaf and nodal explants with the highest callus induction (47% in
V. odorata
and 40% in
V. pompona
) when cultured in the dark on medium containing 2.0 mg l
−1
naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg l
−1
BAP. Calluses transferred to basal medium containing 3.0 mg l
−1
BAP plus 1.0 mg l
−1
NAA and grown under a 16 h photoperiod produced an average of 4.1 and 3.5 shoots per callus segment for
V. odorata
and
V. pompona
, respectively, eight weeks after culture initiation. Histological analysis revealed the presence of calcium oxalate raphides, as confirmed by Raman microscopy, in callus cultured under both dark and light conditions. Over 90% of the plantlets derived from axillary buds exhibited spontaneous root formation on multiplication media; similar to that observed when shoots originating from callus were cultured on plant growth regulator-free medium. During the subsequent greenhouse acclimatization phase, which took place 12 weeks after the final subculture, these plantlets achieved a survival rate of 95%. The results of the present study will be helpful for further large-scale mass propagation efforts of
V. odorata
and
V. pompona
and other biotechnological applications such as protoplast isolation.
Objective To investigate whether deliberate self harm is associated with contemporary Goth youth subculture. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting School and community based study of young people ...living in the Central Clydeside Conurbation, Scotland. Participants 1258 people aged 19, surveyed in 2002-4 and followed-up since age 11 (1994). Main outcome measures Lifetime prevalence of self harm and attempted suicide and their association with Goth youth subculture, before and after adjusting for confounders. Results Identification as belonging to the Goth subculture was strongly associated with lifetime self harm and attempted suicide, with a prevalence of 53% and 47%, respectively among the most highly identified group, and evidence for a dose-response relation. Adjusting for potential confounders did not significantly attenuate this association. Analysis of other youth subcultures showed that this effect was primarily associated with Goth subculture. Conclusions Identification as belonging to the Goth subculture was the best predictor of self harm and attempted suicide. Although based on small numbers, additional longitudinal analysis suggests both selection and modelling mechanisms are involved, selection mechanisms possibly being more likely.
Tagging is a category of graffiti defined as a stylized signature, monogram, word, or name marked on public and private physical spaces. It is an illegal action seen as a disfigurement to many ...communities, yet it remains a pre-occupation for adolescents worldwide. This theoretical article explores the hidden aspects of taggers and their subculture. We argue that tagging is a ritualistic act that is part of a psychological growth process suggestive of Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner’s research on traditional rites of passage practices. We use the developmental theories of Winnicott and Erikson to investigate how these rites of passage experiences are integrated into the adolescent tagger’s psyche. Graffiti writing gives taggers the freedom to discover different aspects of the self; a dynamic interaction with unconscious processes that mirror traditional rites of passage rituals.
During the 2017 Taipei City Lantern Festival, a twenty-foot-tall lantern of Moniang, a character from Taiwanese artist Wei Tsung-cheng’s manga series Apocalypse of Darkness Warfare, was inaugurated ...and put on parade. Moniang represents a new image of the goddess Mazu, incarnated as a cute-sexy high school student. This article examines how this display allowed a new image of Mazu to move from the subculture of “male-oriented” manga creators and fans into a broader public sphere. Debates over the lantern reveal a gap in both generational and political leanings in terms of ideas about the relationship between deities and worshippers. The display of Moniang has opened up the possibility for the younger generation’s reconceptualization of divinity to challenge some of the traditional images and rituals at the core of Chinese folk religion.
Although explicit attention to the role of small groups has waned in sociology, an empirical understanding of the interaction order is increasing. A focus on the group—the meso-level of ...analysis—enriches both structural and interactional approaches, stressing shared and ongoing meaning. Groups constitute social order, just as groups are themselves constituted by that order. The examination of local action reveals how interaction orders emerge and create meanings that spread throughout a wider network. Despite the limits of a meso-level analysis in examining both external webs of constraint and immediate negotiations, this approach addresses identity, social capital, collective action, group culture, networks, and civil society. By building on collective identity, shared history, common spaces, and ongoing social relations, groups provide mechanisms through which individuals fit into larger structures and through which social structures shape individuals.
Despite the criticisms of subcultural theory as a framework for the sociological study of the relationship between youth, music, style and identity, the term ‘subculture’ continues to be widely used ...in such work. It is a central contention of this article that, as with subcultural theory, the concept of ‘subculture’ is unworkable as an objective analytical tool in sociological work on youth, music and style - that the musical tastes and stylistic preferences of youth, rather than being tied to issues of social class, as subculture maintains, are in fact examples of the late modern lifestyles in which notions of identity are ‘constructed’ rather than ‘given’, and ‘fluid’ rather than ‘fixed’. Such fluidity, I maintain, is also a characteristic of the forms of collective association which are built around musical and stylistic preference. Using Maffesoli's concept of tribus (tribes) and applying this to an empirical study of the contemporary dance music in Britain, I argue that the musical and stylistic sensibilities exhibited by the young people involved in the dance music scene are clear examples of a form of late modern ‘sociality’ rather than a fixed subcultural group.
This study examines patterns and determinants of police attitudes toward the use of force in China. Using police use of force scenarios to elicit officers' opinions about force used by other ...officers, this study finds that the way officers view police use of force vary significantly by officers' age, education, and police division to which an officer is assigned. Regression analysis demonstrates that officers' adherence to traditional police subcultural themes-code of silence and aggressive approach to policing-are prominent predictors of attitudes supportive of the use of force. The positive association between educational attainment and police attitudes toward the use of force is discussed in relation to China's socio-political environment. Policy implications for police recruitment, training, and management are discussed as well.
Background
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis are important agents in canine pyoderma and otitis.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Determine the in vitro efficacy of a honey‐based gel ...(HBO) against meticillin‐susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP), meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and M. pachydermatis, by minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and time‐kill assay (TKA). Efficacy of the product's honey component (HO) also was evaluated.
Methods
Sixty S. pseudintermedius and 10 M. pachydermatis canine isolates were selected. All isolates were tested against serial dilutions of an HBO containing 40% HO (40%, 20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% w/v) and HO alone (undiluted, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% w/v). Microbroth assay followed by subculture was used to determine MBC and MFC. The same protocol was applied after product exposure to catalase. A well‐diffusion assay for S. pseudintermedius was used to generate inhibition zones. A TKA for 10 isolates of S. pseudintermedius and 10 isolates of M. pachydermatis was performed.
Results
MBC was 20% w/v (5–20% w/v) for HBO and HO. HBO had lower MBC values when compared to HO (P = 0.003). No statistical difference was observed between MSSP/MRSP isolates (HBO P = 0.757, HO P = 0.743). Only HO was affected by catalase (P = 0.015). MFC for HBO was 10% w/v (5–10% w/v) and 40% w/v for HO (20–≥40% w/v). All isolates were killed after 4 h of exposure.
Conclusions and clinical importance
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and M. pachydermatis are susceptible to the HBO and these results can be used for future clinical trials.
Résumé
Contexte
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius et Malassezia pachydermatis sont d'importants agents des pyodermites et otites canines.
Hypothèses/Objectifs
Déterminer l'efficacité in vitro d'un gel à base de miel (HBO) contre les MSSP (S. pseudintermedius), les MRSP (meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius) et M. pachydermatis par MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration), MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration) et TKA (time‐kill assay). L'efficacité d'un produit contenant du miel (HO) a également été évalué.
Méthodes
Soixante souches de S. pseudintermedius et 10 M. pachydermatis ont été sélectionnées. Toutes les souches ont été testées contre des dilutions sériques d'un HBO contenant 40% d’HO (40%, 20%, 10%, 5% et 2.5% w/v) et HO seul (non‐dilué, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5% et 2.5% w/v). Les MBC et MFC ont été déterminées par microdilution en milieu liquide et sous‐culture. Le même protocole a été appliqué après exposition des produits à la catalase. Un test de bonne diffusion pour S. pseudintermedius a été utilisé pour générer des zones d'inhibition. Un TKA pour 10 souches de S. pseudintermedius et 10 souches of M. pachydermatis a été réalisé.
Résultats
La MBC était 20% w/v (5–20% w/v) pour HBO et HO. HBO avait de plus faibles valeurs de MBC en comparaison à HO (P = 0.003). Aucune différence statistique n'a été observée entre les souches MSSP/MRSP (HBO P = 0.757, HO P = 0.743). Seul HO a été affecté par la catalase (P = 0.015). La MFC pour HBO était 10% w/v (5–10% w/v) et 40% w/v pour HO (20–≥40% w/v). Toutes les souches ont été tuées après 4h d'exposition.
Conclusions et importance clinique
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius et M. pachydermatis sont sensibles à un HBO et ces résultats peuvent être utilisés pour de futurs tests cliniques.
Resumen
Introducción
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius y Malassezia pachydermatis son agentes importantes en pioderma y la otitis canina.
Hipótesis/Objetivos
Determinar la eficacia in vitro de un gel a base de miel (HBO) contra S. pseudintermedius sensible a meticilina (MSSP), S. pseudintermedius resistente a meticilina (MRSP) y M. pachydermatis, por concentración bactericida mínima (MBC) , concentración mínima fungicida (MFC) y ensayo de tiempo de muerte (TKA). La eficacia del componente de miel del producto (HO) también se evaluó.
Métodos
Se seleccionaron 60 cepas caninas de S. pseudintermedius y 10 de M. pachydermatis. Todos los aislamientos se probaron contra diluciones seriadas de una HBO que contenía 40% HO (40%, 20%, 10%, 5% y 2,5% p/v) y HO solo (sin diluir, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5% y 2.5% p/v). El ensayo en microcaldo seguido de subcultivo se usó para determinar MBC y MFC. El mismo protocolo se aplicó después de la exposición del producto a la catalasa. Se usó un ensayo de difusión de S. pseudintermedius para generar zonas de inhibición. Se realizó una TKA para 10 aislamientos de S. pseudintermedius y 10 aislamientos de M. pachydermatis.
Resultados
la MBC fue del 20% p/v (5‐20% p/v) para HBO y HO. HBO tenía valores más bajos de MBC en comparación con HO (P =0,003). No se observó diferencia estadística entre los aislados de MSSP/MRSP (HBO P = 0,757, HO P = 0,743). Solo HO fue afectado por catalasa (P = 0,015). MFC para HBO fue 10% p/v (5‐10% p/v) y 40% p/v para HO (20‐≥40% p/v). Todos los aislados murieron después de 4 h de exposición.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius y M. pachydermatis son susceptibles a una HBO y estos resultados pueden usarse para futuros ensayos clínicos.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius und Malassezia pachydermatis sind wichtige Faktoren bei der caninen Pyodermie und Otitis.
Hypothese/Ziele
Die Feststellung der in vitro Wirksamkeit eines auf Honigbasis bestehenden Gels (HBO) gegen Methicillin‐empfindliche S. pseudintermedius (MSSP), Methicillin‐resistente S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) und M. pachydermatis mittels minimaler bakterieller Konzentration (MBC), minimaler fungizider Konzentration (MFC) und Time‐Kill Assay (TKA). Die Wirksamkeit der Honigkomponente des Produkts (HO) wurde ebenfalls evaluiert.
Methoden
Sechzig S. pseudintermedius und 10 M. pachydermatis Isolate von Hunden wurden ausgewählt. Alle Isolate wurden mittels Serienverdünnung eines HBO enthaltenden 40% HO (40%, 20%, 10%, 5% und 2,5% w/v) und HO alleine (unverdünnt, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5% und 2,5% w/v) ausgetestet. Ein Mikrobouillon Assay, gefolgt von einer Subkultur wurde verwendet, um MBC und MFC zu bestimmen. Dasselbe Protokoll wurde angewendet, nachdem das Produkt einer Katalase ausgesetzt war. Ein Well‐Diffusionstest für S. pseudintermedius wurde verwendet, um Inhibitionszonen zu schaffen. Ein TKA für 10 Isolate von S. pseudintermedius und 10 Isolate von M. pachydermatis wurde durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse
Die MBC betrug 20% w/v (5‐20% w/v) für HBO und HO. Das HBO zeigte niedrigere MBC Werte im Vergleich zum HO (P = 0,003). Es konnte kein statistischer Unterschied zwischen MSSP/MRSP Isolaten (HBO P = 0,757, HO P = 0,743) beobachtet werden. Nur die HO wurde durch Katalase beeinflusst (P = 0,015). Die MFC für das HBO betrug 10% w/v (5‐10% w/v) und 40% w/v für das HO (20‐≥ 40% w/v). Alle Isolate waren nach einer 4 stündigen Exposition abgetötet.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius und M. pachydermatis sind für ein HBO empfänglich und diese Ergebnisse können in zukünftigen Versuchen angewendet werden.
要約
背景
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius及び Malassezia pachydermatisは、犬の膿皮症や耳炎における主要な病原体である。
仮説/目的
本研究の目的は、メチシリン感受性 S. pseudintermedius(MSSP)、メチシリン耐性 S. pseudintermedius(MRSP)および M. pachydermatisに対するハチミツゲル(HBO)のin vitroにおける効能を、最小殺菌濃度(MBC)、最小殺真菌濃度(MFC)および最小殺菌時間評価(TKA)を基に判定することである。また、製品中に含まれる蜂蜜成分(HO)の有効性も評価した。
方法
犬由来S. pseudintermedius 60株とM.pachydermatis 10株を供した。全株に対し、段階希釈した40%HO含有HBO(40%、20%、10%、5%、2.5%w / v)、段階希釈したHO(希釈なし、40%、20%、10%、5%、2.5%w / v)を適用した。 MBCおよびMFC値については、微量液体法後に継代培養を行い決定した。またカタラーゼ曝露後の製品についても同様の検討を行った。 S. pseudintermediusの阻止円形成についてはウェル拡散法を用いて評価した。TKAは S. pseudintermediusおよびM. pachydermatisそれぞれ10株について実施した。
結果
MBCは、HBO群およびHO群のいずれも20%w / v(5‐20%w / v) であった。 HBO 群におけるMBC値はHO群よりも低値を示した(P = 0.003)。 MSSP / MRSP分離株間で統計学的有意差は認められなかった(HBO P = 0.757、HO P = 0.743)。 HO群のみでカタラーゼによる影響が認められた(P = 0.015)。MFCは、HBO群 では10%w / v(5~10%w / v)であったのに対し、HO群では40%w / v(20~40%w / v)であった。全ての分離株は、曝露後4時間で死滅した。
結論と臨床的重要性
Staphylococcus pseudintermediusおよびM.pachydermatisはHBOに感受性を示すため、本研究の結果は今後の臨床試験に応用可能である。
摘要
背景
假中间型葡萄球菌和马拉色菌是引起犬脓皮症和耳炎的重要原因。
假设/目的
通过最小杀菌浓度(MBC)、最小杀真菌浓度(MFC)和时间杀菌试验(TKA),确定蜂蜜成份凝胶(HBO)对甲氧西林敏感假中间型葡萄球菌(MSSP)、甲氧西林耐药假中间型葡萄球菌(MRSP)和厚皮马拉色菌,在体外试验中的抗菌功效。也同时评估含有蜂蜜成分产品(HO)的功效。
方法
自犬身上分离60株假中间型葡萄球菌和10株马拉色菌。连续稀释含有40%HO的HBO(40%、20%、10%、
5%和2.5%w/v)和单独HO(未稀释、40%、20%、10%、5%和2.5%w/v),将其作用于所有菌株的抗菌试验。微量肉汤试验随后继代培养,用于确定MBC和MFC。产品接触过氧化氢酶后,做同样的试验。对假中间型葡萄球菌进行打孔扩散试验,确定抑菌环。对10株假中间型葡萄球菌和10株马拉色菌进行时间杀菌试验。
结果
HBO和HO的MBC是20%w/v(5–20% w/v)。与HO相比,HBO的MBC更低(P = 0.003)。MSSP和MRSP菌株组无统计学差异(HBO P = 0.757, HO P = 0.743)。只有HO对过氧化氢酶有反应(P = 0.015)。HBO、HO组的MFC分别是10% w/v (5–10% w/v)和40% w/v (20–≥40% w/v)。接触药物4h后,所有菌株均被杀死。
结论和临床意义
假中间型葡萄球菌和厚皮马拉色菌对HBO敏感,这些结果可以用于未来的临床试验。
Resumo
Contexto
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius e Malassezia pachydermatis são agentes infecciosos importantes nas piodermites e otites caninas.
Hipótese/Objetivos
Determinar a eficácia in vitro de um gel à base de mel (HBO) contra S. pseudintermedius suscetíveis à meticilina (MSSP), S. pseudintermedius resistentes à meticilina (MRSP) e M. pachydermatis, através de concentração bactericida mínima (CBM), concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) e ensaio de tempo para matar (ETM). A eficácia do composto de mel (HO) do produto também foi avaliada.
Métodos
Selecionou‐se 60 isolados caninos de S. pseudintermedius e 10 de M. pachydermatis. Todos os isolados foram testados com variadas diluições de um HBO contendo 40% HO (40%, 20%, 10%, 5% e 2,5% p/v) e somente o HO (não diluído, 40%, 20%, 10%, 5% e 2,5% p/v). Utilizou‐se um ensaio de microdiluição em caldo seguido de subcultura para determinar CBM e CFM. O mesmo protocolo foi aplicado após a exposição dos produtos à catalase. O teste de disco‐difusão em ágar para S. pseudintermedius foi utilizado para gerar zonas de inibição. O ETM foi realizado para 10 isolados de S. pseudintermedius e 10 isolados de M. pachydermatis.
Resultados
A CBM foi 20% p/v (5‐20% p/v) para HBO e HO. HBO obteve valores de CBM menores quando comparados com HO (P = 0,003). Não foram
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