Svoboda, Josef Langer, Arne
MGG Online,
11/2016
Reference
* 10. Mai 1920 in Čáslav (Tschechoslowakei), † 8. April 2002 in Prag, Bühnenbildner. Nach Abschluß einer Tischlerausbildung 1940 und anschließendem Studium an der Zentralschule der Wohnungsindustrie ...i...
Political caricature represents a highly specific form of the realisation of freedom of expression, the adequate reflexion of which requires a specific preunderstanding of the addressee concerning ...the meaning and aim of the caricature. In this regard we can consider caricature as culturally conditioned. Its current usage is therefore increasingly confronted with the limits consisting in the cultural diversity of society as well as with the expanding limitation on freedom of expression due to the emphasis on the importance of other conflicting rights, notably the right to human dignity. This paper analyses the presence of the latter limit in the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court by comparing this case law with decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the US Supreme Court. Despite the fact that the case law of both foreign courts can be considered as substantially different, it in both cases reflects deeper normative ideas on the substance of human dignity of public persons participating in the political discourse. To the contrary, the Czech case law can be considered as inconsistent and leading from one extreme interpretation to another. Such an approach is generally objectionable due to the violation of the principle of consistency and foreseeability of judicial decision-making. In the case of political caricature, the inconsistency is amplified by the fact that judicial decision-making influences the scope and form of political discussion, usually in a way that disadvantages those who try to strengthen their otherwise weaker voice in the public discourse by an expressive feature: caricature. However, this limitation casts doubt on the basic premise of democracy, i. e. communicative rationality of citizens.
Purpose of the Review
This review highlights recent developments into how intercellular communication through connexin43 facilitates bone modeling and remodeling.
Recent Findings
Connexin43 is ...required for both skeletal development and maintenance, particularly in cortical bone, where it carries out multiple functions, including preventing osteoclastogenesis, restraining osteoprogenitor proliferation, promoting osteoblast differentiation, coordinating organized collagen matrix deposition, and maintaining osteocyte survival. Emerging data shows that connexin43 regulates both the exchange of small molecules among osteoblast lineage cells and the docking of signaling proteins to the gap junction, affecting the efficiency of signal transduction.
Summary
Understanding how and what connexin43 communicates to coordinate tissue remodeling has therapeutic implications in bone. Altering the information shared by intercellular communication and/or targeting the recruitment of signaling machinery to the gap junction could be used to impact the skeletal homeostatic set point, either driving osteogenesis or inhibiting resorption.
This ambitious volume provides a trenchant and timely analysis of the creation of a single market in both the EU and the US. Comparing the experience of the US during the nineteenth century and the ...single market of the EU in the twentieth century, the book demonstrates how the political economy of single market formation has followed remarkably similar trajectories. Both cases show evidence of interplay between different levels of government in determining distributive outcomes; evolution of a legal framework for the market; and development of new regulatory strategies to deal with changing economic realities. The book illustrates the process of market consolidation through a detailed comparison of the so-called four freedoms: the removal of border controls; and the largely unrestricted transfer of goods, services, and capital across different jurisdictions. In both cases, establishing one market, one currency, and a more unified banking and financial system transformed largely autonomous or sovereign constituent units into a more unified economic entity. Single Markets also sheds light on critically important questions for both comparativists and international relations scholars regarding the nature of territorial governance and the construction of state interests. The book's interdisciplinary approach to focusing on crucial political and economic developments on both sides of the Atlantic will be of interest to scholars in political science, public policy, law, and history.
The Internet's importance for freedom of expression and other rights comes in part from the ability it bestows on users to create and share information, rather than just receive it. Within the ...context of existing freedom of expression guarantees, this book critically evaluates the goal of bridging the 'digital divide' - the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not. Central to this analysis is the examination of two questions: first, is there a right to access the Internet, and if so, what does that right look like and how far does it extend? Second, if there is a right to access the Internet, is there a legal obligation on States to overcome the digital divide?
Through examination of this debate's history, analysis of case law in the European Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and a case study of one digital inclusion programme in Jalisco, Mexico, this book concludes that there is indeed currently a legal right to Internet access, but one that it is very limited in scope. The 2012 Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet is aspirational in nature, rather than a representative summary of current protections afforded by the international human rights legal framework. This book establishes a critical foundation from which some of these aspirations could be advanced in the future. The digital divide is not just a human rights challenge nor will it be overcome using human rights law alone. Nevertheless, human rights law could and should do more than it has thus far.
Uznání náboženské svobody – prubířský kámen recepce lidských práv v církvi Uznáním moderních lidských práv v encyklice Pacem in terris byla připravena cesta pro pozitivní recepci náboženské svobody ...na druhém vatikánském koncilu (deklarace Dignitatis humanae). Příspěvek se zamýšlí nad tím, co nového znamenalo pro život církve přijetí občanského práva na náboženskou svobodu. V souvislosti s tím je reflektován vztah mezi pravdou a svobodou, respektive mezi „právem na pravdu“ a „právem na svobodu“. Na tomto pozadí je poukázano na důsledky, které pro církev z uznání náboženské svobody plynou. Zvláštní pozornost je přitom věnována souvisejícímu tématu svobody svědomí.
Purpose of Review
Osteogenesis is a complex process involving the specification of multiple progenitor cells and their maturation and differentiation into matrix-secreting osteoblasts. Osteogenesis ...occurs not only during embryogenesis but also during growth, after an injury, and in normal homeostatic maintenance. While much is known about osteogenesis-associated regulatory genes, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are epigenetic regulators of protein expression, is just beginning to be explored. While miRNAs do not abrogate all protein expression, their purpose is to finely tune it, allowing for a timely and temporary protein down-regulation.
Recent Findings
The last decade has unveiled a multitude of miRNAs that regulate key proteins within the osteogenic lineage, thus qualifying them as “ostemiRs.” These miRNAs may endogenously target an activator or inhibitor of differentiation, and depending on the target, may either lead to the prolongation of a progenitor maintenance state or to early differentiation. Interestingly, cellular identity seems intimately coupled to the expression of miRNAs, which participate in the suppression of previous and subsequent differentiation steps. In such cases where key osteogenic proteins were identified as direct targets of miRNAs in non-bone cell types, or through bioinformatic prediction, future research illuminating the activity of these miRNAs during osteogenesis will be extremely valuable.
Summary
Many bone-related diseases involve the dysregulation of transcription factors or other proteins found within osteoblasts and their progenitors, and the dysregulation of miRNAs, which target such factors, may play a pivotal role in disease etiology, or even as a possible therapy.
Tako zgodovinsko kakor tudi konceptualno je svoboda izražanja ena izmed osnovnih državljanskih svoboščin, ki jo povezujemo s sodobnim pojmovanjem državljanstva, kakor tudi eno najpomembnejših načel ...demokratične družbe. Članek identificira različne funkcije, ki jih povezujemo s svobodo izražanja, in predstavi z njo povezane osnovne interese. Sledi analiza omejitev oz. mej svobode izražanja in s tem povezana problematika sovražnega govora ter predstavitev nekaterih razsežnosti pravne podlage obravnave sovražnega govora. Razprava se ukvarja z vprašanjem, zakaj sovražni govor predstavlja mejo svobodi izražanja, nato pa je predstavljen predlog uporabe konceptualne analize pri prepoznavanju in definiranju sovražnega govora. V sklepnem delu so predstavljeni nekateri temeljnih ugovorov zoper svobodo izražanja in sovražni govor.
The video game Attentat 1942 (2017) and its follow-up Svoboda 1945: Liberation (2021) received worldwide recognition and numerous awards for their representation of Czechoslovak history. Drawing upon ...the personal experiences of several members of the development team at Charles Games, including translators and historians, the article addresses the challenges involved in adapting Central and Eastern European historical narratives for players unfamiliar with the regional context, but also for countries (i.e. Germany) with stringent rules on video game depictions of Nazi symbolism. By doing so, we critically examine how the development team strove to maintain historical accuracy and authenticity not only in the games' development but, more specifically, in their localization. The article builds on existing research on video game localization, which sees localization as a complex set of processes involving not only translation of in-game texts, but also more fundamental adjustments related to globalization and internationalization. The article complements a self-reflexive design case analysis with a reception study, based on a thematic analysis of foreign language reviews in the specialized press, to explore how regional historical themes are perceived by reviewers, and whether, or to what extent, localization affects these perceptions.
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