There are many advantages to returning to the notion of categorization in language and to the strong links it has with approximation, to those that are more indirect with other notions (comparison ...and exemplification, for example), to the lexical and syntactic expressions which arise therefrom and on the modalities which allow them to be interpreted on a continuum going from clear or precise categorization to imprecise, approximate categorization, sometimes also called “fuzzy” or “vague.” Among these advantages, there is an obvious need to clarify the notion, to grasp its span and its modes of expression in language, but also to re-examine the theoretical models that deal with it.
Language is a system of communication in which grammatical structures function to express meaning in context. While all languages can achieve the same basic communicative ends, they each use ...different means to achieve them, particularly in the divergent ways that syntax, semantics and pragmatics interact across languages. This book looks in detail at how structure, meaning, and communicative function interact in human languages. Working within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), Van Valin proposes a set of rules, called the 'linking algorithm', which relates syntactic and semantic representations to each other, with discourse-pragmatics playing a role in the linking. Using this model, he discusses the full range of grammatical phenomena, including the structures of simple and complex sentences, verb and argument structure, voice, reflexivization and extraction restrictions. Clearly written and comprehensive, this book will be welcomed by all those working on the interface between syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
Contra el feudalismo militar, contra las teorías del dominio universal de la fuerza, todos los que creen en el Derecho se unen en una concentración de ideas espirituales.8 En La patria azul, el espía ...alemán es un individo siniestro que no duda en burlar la buena fe y el espíritu de solidaridad de los demás marineros y, cuando ve que ya saben quién es y no se dejan corromper, no duda en incendiar el barco, provocando la muerte de todos. iDifícil, en este caso, que piense el lector que los alemanes están en su derecho en esta guerra! El parto con dolor de un mundo nuevo Sin embargo, la visión va un poco más allá del pacifismo elemental y popular, de gente que, sencillamente, no quiere ir a la guerra, un pacifismo semejante al de los «poilus» supervivientes que deseaban que la primera guerra mundial fuera «la der des der». 26 Víctor, en un primer tiempo, no le hace caso a su amigo: «Ese abismo mental que tú dices que existe en España entre el varón y la hembra de la clase media, yo lo terrapleanaré con muchos besos...» Dictarle sus crónicas es para Víctor un auténtico placer: iOh, amigo Leopoldo! iCon qué lucidez, con qué disciplina y precisión concateno las ideas y acuden a mi mente las palabras precisas! iQué bien se expresa uno así, horro del trabajo material cuando el escribiente es una mujer de talento, que va pendiente de nuestra elaboración, que se suma a ella, que nos adivina la sintaxis, la puntuación, que sabe decirnos en seguida cuál es el sujeto de la oración que hemos incidido, qué adjetivo es el que tenemos que repetir..
Visual notations form an integral part of the language of software engineering (SE). Yet historically, SE researchers and notation designers have ignored or undervalued issues of visual ...representation. In evaluating and comparing notations, details of visual syntax are rarely discussed. In designing notations, the majority of effort is spent on semantics, with graphical conventions largely an afterthought. Typically, no design rationale, scientific or otherwise, is provided for visual representation choices. While SE has developed mature methods for evaluating and designing semantics, it lacks equivalent methods for visual syntax. This paper defines a set of principles for designing cognitively effective visual notations: ones that are optimized for human communication and problem solving. Together these form a design theory, called the Physics of Notations as it focuses on the physical (perceptual) properties of notations rather than their logical (semantic) properties. The principles were synthesized from theory and empirical evidence from a wide range of fields and rest on an explicit theory of how visual notations communicate. They can be used to evaluate, compare, and improve existing visual notations as well as to construct new ones. The paper identifies serious design flaws in some of the leading SE notations, together with practical suggestions for improving them. It also showcases some examples of visual notation design excellence from SE and other fields.
The past quarter of a century has seen a surge in Chinese syntactic research that has produced a sizeable literature on the analysis of almost every construction in Mandarin Chinese. This guide to ...Chinese syntax analyses the majority of constructions in Chinese that have featured in theoretical linguistics in the past 25 years, using the authors' own analyses as well as existing or potential alternative treatments. A broad variety of topics are covered, including categories, argument structure, passives and anaphora. The discussion of each topic sums up the key research results and provides new points of departure for further research. This book will be invaluable both to students wanting to know more about the grammar of Chinese, and graduate students and theoretical linguists interested in the universal principles that underlie human languages.
"Fiü-(y)A+bU-"yapısı; -Dİ, -mlş, -(Iyor, -(y)AcAk, -Ar/-İr, -mAlİ, -sA ve -A eklerini alabilir ve içinde bulunduǧu cümlenin kiplik görünümünü etkileyebilir. "Fiil-(yA+bil-" yapısı yeterlilik fiili ...olarak adlandırılsa da yeterlilik dışında ihtimal, izin, rica vb. anlam alanlarını da karşılama gücüne sahiptir. Bu durum "fiil-(yA+bil-"yapısının yeterlilik kipliǧi dışında kalan diǧer kiplik kategorilerini de işaretleyebildiǧim göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, "fiil(yA+bil-" yapılı cümlelerin Palmer'ın kiplik kategorilerindeki görünümünü belirlemeyi ve "fiil-(yA+bil-" yapısının yeterlilik kategorisi dışında kalan diǧer kiplik kategorilerini nasıl işaretlediǧini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Amaçlı örneklemin tercih edildiǧi çalışmada, Kemal Tahir'in Esir Şehrin Mahpusu romanından "fiil-(yA+bil-" yapısını içeren kırk cümle belirlenmiş ve bu cümleler Palmer'ın kiplik sınıflandırmasındaki kategorilere göre incelenmiştir. Yapılan inceleme neticesinde, "fiil-(yA+bil-" yapısını içeren yirmi iki cümlenin yeterlilik, dokuz cümlenin ihtimal, beş cümlenin izin, üç cümlenin istek-gönüllülük ve bir cümlenin gereklilik kipliǧinde işaretlendiǧi tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçların kiplik alanına ve kiplik çalışmalarına katkı saǧlayacaǧı düşünülmektedir.
Covering both core and peripheral phenomena, The Syntactic Structures of Korean is a concrete and precise grammar of the language. Based on the framework of Sign-based Construction Grammar, it ...provides a grammar of Korean which is computationally implementable and cognitively viable. Remarkably broad, yet in-depth, it is an outstanding analysis of Korean syntax and semantics which will be welcomed by those working in linguistics and the Korean language.
This comprehensive textbook is an engaging introduction to syntax. Clearly organized and accessible, it provides students with a thorough grounding in the analysis of syntactic structure using data ...from a typologically wide variety of languages. The book guides students through the basic concepts involved in syntactic analysis and goes on to prepare them for further work in any syntactic theory, using examples from a range of phenomena in human languages. It also includes a chapter on theories of syntax. Each chapter includes generous exercises and recommendations for further study. The emphasis on languages and data sets this book apart from other introductions to syntax. This book is an essential text for undergraduate and graduate students on courses devoted to the study of syntax. It will also be very valuable to students in other cognitive science fields who are interested in language.
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