With the uneven oil distribution worldwide and the growing dependency on oil across countries, tanker transportation has gained increasing predominance in oil trade. However, as a dangerous and ...highly polluting branch of the maritime industry, oil tankers cannot be underestimated in terms of harm of their oil spills. In recent decades, although oil tanker spill accidents have decreased in number, the hazards of their pollution remain. The Sanchi ship accident in 2018 is a typical example. It is of value to explore how to locate the accident causes and propose effective measures to reduce such accidents. This article takes the Sanchi collision and explosion accident as the subject of study and systematically analyzes main factors of the accident using the fault tree analysis method, with strategies for future tanker management proposed. As shown in results, the factors that contributed to the oil tanker accident are quite complicated, with human factors playing a major part structurally. In addition, management, environmental and ship factors also played a part. Finally, corresponding governance strategies are proposed based on the structural relationships between the factors. The research in this article is of guiding significance for shipping companies to reduce tanker oil spills related to ship collision and acts as an important basis for water transportation administrations to make emergency decisions for such tanker oil spills.
Background
Work on Swedish petroleum tankers before the late 1980s has been associated with an increased risk of hematologic malignancy (HM). Since then, ship modernizations have decreased ...occupational exposure to gases, including the carcinogen benzene. We explored the risk of HMs in Swedish seafarers who had worked on newer types of tankers.
Methods
A case‐referent study in male seafarers from a cohort of all Swedish seafarers was set up by record linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry using the subjects' personal identification number. For each case (N = 315), five referents were randomly chosen from within the cohort, matched by birth year and three different periods of first sea service (<1985, 1985‐1991, and ≥1992). Information on the type of ship and dates of service was retrieved from the Swedish Seafarers' Registry. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by conditional logistic regression together with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results
The OR of HM was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.80‐1.42) for work on tankers. In seafarers that had started to work on tankers ≥1985, the OR was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.50‐1.43). For those who started to work on tankers before 1985, the OR was 1.17 (95% CI, 0.84‐1.21) and 1.32 (95% CI, 0.86‐2.03) if the cumulative time on tankers exceeded 5 years of service. In this last group, the OR of multiple myeloma was 5.39 (95% CI, 1.11‐26.1).
Conclusion
Although limited by crude exposure contrast and a short follow‐up, work on tankers after 1985 was not associated with an increased risk of HM among Swedish seafarers.
Materials with good mechanical and chemical properties (materials should be resistant to various types of corrosion) are proposed for the various structures of means of transport. For this reason, ...high-alloy steels, including duplex steels, are increasingly used in the automotive industry. The 1.4462 duplex steel used in means of road transport steel could be treated as an interesting high-strength stainless material used in the automotive industry. Generally, duplex steels have a high resistance to localized and uniform corrosion. The duplex and superduplex steels are assumed to be rather proper weldable materials; however, cracks could be observed both in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and in the weld. The article analyses the influence of tubular cored metal arc (136) with active gas shield welding (process 136) parameters on the arrangement of correct joints used in tanker truck elements, as an example of welding in the automotive sector. Various mechanical tests checking the properties of joints were realized. The goal of the paper is to choose the correct welding parameters for elements of 1.4462 steel. The construction elements of a tanker truck are made by the 136 method of welding.
In recent years, the maritime trade of crude oil has suffered notable perturbations caused by the unbalanced relationship between supply and demand. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a drop in oil ...consumption in 2019, followed by a reduction in production in 2020. The seaborne transport of oil accounts for approximately 50–60% of all crude oil in world production. The crude oil market is a crucial regulator of the global economy and instabilities in this market have noticeable effects on collective risks. The immediate risks that the society see are the changes in the cost of living, which are followed by political uncertainties. Less visible are the risks that these uncertainties have on shipping companies and the level of management stability they have to maintain in order to keep seagoing safe. This paper presents an update on the overall state of risk management for the crude oil tanker fleet, evidenced by EMSA and other international marine organisations. The previous paper, entitled Safety Assessment of Crude Oil Tankers, which applied the methodology of the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA), was published in 2018 and covered the historical data related to the fleet size, accident reports, amount of oil spilled on sea and the economic value of the crude oil transport business. The particular focus of this paper is on the evolution of the risk acceptance criteria over the years and the difference in the predictions from 2018 to the present day. The effects of the pandemic on crude oil shipping are discussed through the changes in the risks. Three of them are analysed: PLL (potential loss of lives), PLC (potential loss of containment) and PLP (potential loss of property). The representation of the risk applies the F-N curves among the risk acceptance criteria lines observed for different tanker sizes. Among the three risks, the paper exposes the vulnerability of the loss of containment risk, where the strong economic impact of the oil trade outweighs the environmental concerns. In relation to the PLC, the paper proposes the approach of relating the oil spill acceptability with the spill quantity and ship revenue instead of to the cost of cleaning or the cost of environment recovery.
Abstract
Ship classification in SAR images has attracted much attention by researchers. In this paper, a SAR target classification method for three commercial ships (container ships, bulk carriers ...and oil tanker) is proposed by analyzing their scattering features. Firstly, the ship slice is preprocessed to obtain the binary image, from which the density features can be extracted, which describing the ship scattering point distribution. Finally, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier is applied to classify these three types of commercial ships. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of structure feature and strength feature is low, while the proposed density feature can reach 80% for three types of ships. The combination of structure features and strength features with density features can improve the classification accuracy. Combining the three features has the best classification performance.
Navigation safety on coastal waters is an extremely important issue. Fatigue is an important factor threatening navigation safety. Considering that the vessel type is an oil tanker, such a threat is ...not posed only to the crew but also to the environment. Most of the tankers navigating coastal waters are in the small tanker category. Therefore, this study examined the working and resting hours of the deck officers in the oil tankers navigating coastal waters. The study utilized the ISF Watchkeeper 3 program for assessing and interpreting the working periods. The study reached the conclusion that the first and second officers in particular are working under unsuitable conditions. To improve the working conditions of the deck officers, effects of additional cargo officer on board was investigated. This study is in quality of recommendation. The study elucidated that the cargo officer practice determines the working and resting hours of deck officers, in the work on the oil tankers, and compliance with the related conventions.
Volatility in tanker freight markets Ajith, P.J.; Raju, Totakura Bangar; Gupta, Rishabh ...
Case studies on transport policy,
June 2023, 2023-06-00, Letnik:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•The study attempts to understand the volatility in Baltic tanker sub-indices.•New multivariate GARCH model has been deployed for the study.•The paper attempts to give appropriate suggestions for the ...tanker owners.
Baltic tanker index studies have become vital for the crude oil and petroleum product trade. Volatility has constantly pressured vessel owners and charterers to reduce costs and decide on new ship-building orders. This study attempts to find volatility in the Baltic Dirty Tanker Index and Baltic Clean Tanker Index prices, which are sub-indices of the Baltic Tanker Index. The asymmetric corrected dynamic conditional correlation GARCH model is deployed to find the spillovers and volatility in both time series. The results indicate the strong presence of spillovers at regular intervals. This study helps vessel owners and charterers make appropriate decisions in tanker markets.
Tankeri Long Range 2 najveći su brodovi koji se koriste za prijevoz naftnih derivata. Iako više od 400 tankera Long Range 2 plovi svjetskim morima, mnogi terminali na kojima ti brodovi iskrcavaju ...svoj teret ne koriste se u potpunosti svojim kapacitetom iskrcaja. Razlog je tomu tehnološka zastarjelost terminala i činjenica da su oni prvenstveno dizajnirani za prihvat manjih tankera, poput Medium Range i Long Range 1. Smanjeni kapacitet iskrcaja dovodi do dužeg zadržavanja broda u luci i povećanog zagad strok signenja zraka zbog ispuštanja inertnog plina u atmosferu jer terminali nepotrebno inzistiraju na kontinuiranom radu generatora inertnog plina. U radu predstavlja se moguće rješenje ovog problema primjenom ekološki prihvatljivog načina rada START/STOP generatora inertnog plina korištenjem metodama analize i sinteze, usporednih metoda i elemenata matematičke metode. Ekološki prihvatljiv način rada zahtijeva minimalne izmjene softverskog programa i vrlo je jednostavan za primjenu. Ovaj način rada pozitivno utječe na smanjenje ukupnih emisija plina i značajnu uštedu goriva.
Oil is a main driving force when it comes to the economic development of a country. But nations around the world have uneven oil distribution, which pushes them toward rapid development of petroleum ...trade and maritime transportation. With the rising maritime transportation volume of oil, countries around the globe are paying increasing attention to the safe transportation of oil, oil spills from tankers are thus decreasing. However, the oil spill problem still deserves attention and laws and procedures should be strengthened to prevent future accidents and spills. This paper reviews the history of world oil trade and oil spill pollution and puts forward oil spill prevention strategies. The paper looks at the data related to oil spills created by tankers in the past 50 years from 1970 to 2017 and studies the trends in oil trade and oil spill pollution, in a bid to analyze the pollution status of major oil spill accidents and the development of treatment regulations. The paper also explores key factors behind oil spills from tankers and summarizes strategies and directions for the global marine shipping industry to prevent oil tanker pollution in the future based on the aforementioned research. This study offers systematic and scientific information reference for green operation and management of the oil tanker industry and helps government departments and policymakers to adopt reasonable and effective strategies to prevent and handle oil spill accidents from tankers across the world.
•Prevention of oil spill of tankers is crucial to marine environment protection.•History of tanker oil spill pollution is reviewed.•Regulations and influencing factors of tanker oil spills are summarized.•Future governance and specific recommendations for tanker oil spill are provided.
A near-miss management system (NMMS) is a tool used for improving safety at sea if adequately implemented. Valuable knowledge to improve safety management might be gained by investigating and ...analysing reported events. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to report each observed near-miss event. Because tankers are generally considered dangerous, but at the same time safe due to stringent requirements, near-miss reports and NMMS policy were collected from one oil tanker ship. Data were pre-processed and analysed. Variables used during analysis were near-miss type, risk level, ship position, and onboard location of near-miss occurrence. Analysis of policy and reports revealed that most near misses occurred on the deck area, but higher-risk-level events were reported in the engine room and navigating bridge. Housekeeping, equipment failure, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and process-/procedure-related events were most common and generally related to lower risk levels. The most frequent corrective actions recorded were implementing safe working practices and PPE. In addition, higher-risk-level events were related to less effective corrective actions. Based on the findings, suggestions for improvements include promoting safe behaviour and adequate PPE usage through additional training, ensuring proper housekeeping, regular maintenance of shipboard equipment and spare parts management, and toolbox meetings and risk assessments that include conclusions of near-miss investigations and analysis.
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