We formally model a Cournot duopoly market in which a corporate socially responsible (CSR) firm interacts with a profit-maximizing firm and where the market is regulated with an emission tax. We ...consider three different kinds of CSR firm behaviors:
(i) consumer-friendly; (ii) environmentally-friendly; and (iii) consumer-environmentally friendly
. Unlike most theoretical works within this literature, which typically use specific functional forms, we use general structures for the inverse demand function, the cost function, and for emission levels and damage functions. In terms of modeling strategy, we use two game-theoretic approaches: (i)
a simultaneous game
and (ii)
a sequential three-stage ex-post game
, in which decisions are time consistent. We found that the optimal emissions taxation rule is modified when considering different CSR motivations. We show that depending upon the CSR motivation and the price elasticity of demand in some cases we can obtain optimal emission tax rates higher, lower, or equal to marginal external emission. Finally, we also found that firms adopting consumer-friendly CSR behavior are more effective in improving the environment compared to environmentally friendly firms.
This book explores the formation, development, and characteristics of modern China's finance, focusing especially on Guangdong province as a case study to illustrate both the macro-level trends and ...the micro-level reality. The chronological range of this book is mainly from the late Qing period to the early Republican Era ending in 1937, when the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. After the concept of modern finance was introduced to China for the first time in the late Qing period, the efforts to build modern finance continued in the Republican Era both nationally and locally. But this process was interrupted by the outbreak of the war against Japan in 1937 and, having been derailed, did not subsequently recover due to the subsequent civil war between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. This interrupted process of financial modernization was resumed with Reform and Opening-up, launched in 1978. Therefore, in order to illustrate the structural transformation and persistent characteristics of China’s fiscal system, this book also includes discussions of the early Qing period and current Chinese finance.
As the fiscal administrative acts constitute a species of the administrative acts, it is necessary to verify to what extent it is applied the theory of nullity from the administrative law and ...referring to the former. Given the reality that the taxation statement is an act originating from the taxpayer/payer, but being assimilated to a taxation decision, subject to a subsequent verification, there are also present in the fiscal procedure, as well as in the civil procedural law, two categories of acts: acts issued by the fiscal authorities and acts originating from the debtors of the fiscal obligations. Consequently, for the latter, we will encounter inevitably the vices of unlawfulness specific to the documents drawn up by individuals, arising from non-compliance with the general conditions of validity regarding capacity, the consent (the manifestation of will in the sense of declaring the information necessary to establish the taxable base and of undertaking to fulfil the fiscal obligation), the object of the legal act and its cause. Since the doctrine in fiscal matters, especially the monographs on the fiscal procedural law, does not classify the acts related to this branch of law except according to the criterion of their object, it should be pointed out that, also for fiscal administrative documents, their classification is applicable, according to the criterion of the extent of the legal effects that they produce, into normative fiscal administrative acts and the individual fiscal administrative acts. This classification, used in the administrative law, is justified by the presence of the fiscal administrative acts that contain fiscal normative regulations, such as the orders of the president of the National Agency of Fiscal Administration, of the Minister of Finance and other ministers, with an impact in the field of taxation. Or, undoubtedly, this classification has an impact on the cancellation procedures and on the extent of the effects of the nullity of each of the two classes of fiscal administrative acts. Since the Fiscal Procedure Code contains textual references to the right of appreciation of the tax body, using the terminology of the Code, it must be established whether and to what extent it has substance in fiscal matters. As it was "institutionalized" by the classic authors of administrative law, being opposed to the competence related to the administrative authorities, as giving substance to the competence of appreciation, which establishes the dimension of opportunity in the matter of administrative acts, at least at first sight, the tax authorities do not have the competence to appreciate on the extent of fiscal obligations, established on determined criteria.
The evolution of the general anti-avoidance rule and related case law along with public scrutiny of advisory firms' behaviour as it relates to tax-planning advice has once again piqued interest in ...the scope of ethics in tax planning and its appropriate regulation. The scope of a code of ethics would include issues such as the need to uphold the integrity of the system (reminiscent of Gammie's article, although primarily from the perspective of private practice), responsibility for factual accuracy, appropriateness of advice, confidentiality, conflict of interest, competency, duty to provide ethical training to apprentices, and duty to maintain the ethics of colleagues. ...Wensley explicitly addresses practitioners and others who may doubt that the result would be worth the effort.
El transporte maritimo es esencial para la economía, transportando personas y bienes de tina manera masiva y eficiente, pero también constituye una creciente y variada fuente de polución. ...Considerando que hoy en día son prácticamente inexistentes los tributos sobre las emisiones provenientes de los barcos, tanto a nivel internacional, estatal y autonómico, pero que al mismo tiempo se aprecia una creciente preocupación internacional por esta fuente contaminante, nuestro objetivo es analizar la viabilidad de la iniciativa catalana que propone implementar un impuesto propio a las emisiones portuarias de los grandes barcos. El trabe jo concluye e firmando que, si bien es cierto que la propuesta impositiva catalana presenta algunos puntos negativos, podemos decir que constituye un paso importante para el desarrollo de la fiscalidad ambiental en la protección de la salud y la biodiversidad y que seguramente servirá de modelo para otras Comunidades Autónomas.
This publication contains the 2021 Second Round Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Tanzania. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
This publication contains the 2021 Second Round Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Côte d'Ivoire. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
This publication contains the 2021 Second Round Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Kenya. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
This publication contains the 2021 Second Round Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of Moldova. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
Cette publication contient le rapport d'examen par les pairs 2021 sur l'échange de renseignements sur demande de la Côte d'Ivoire. Le rapport se réfère uniquement à la Phase 1 de l'évaluation (cadre ...juridique).
