Objective: to study the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of the elections of the President of the United States of America (by the example of the ...59th US presidential election).Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical, sociological.Results: apparently, Democrats and Republicans have their own views as to which voting procedures should be in place, how votes should be counted, and what a fair and accurate result is. The US history is full of ballot battles that share certain characteristics with what happened in 2020 and with how new laws are shaping the sixtieth presidential election. The US history is also replete with legal and popular efforts to expand voting rights, ensure that voting procedures are fair and objective, and ensure that those who are sworn into office were the ones actually elected. In this regard, an alert, informed, and active citizenry is absolutely essential for an inclusive, transparent, and fair electoral system in any state. The fifty-ninth presidential election reflected an extraordinarily contentious landscape. The next presidential election may be even more polarizing and there is no assurance that democratic institutions and norms of peaceful succession will hold.Scientific novelty: for first time, the article considers and analyses the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of elections of the President of the United States of America (by the example of the 59th US presidential election). Special attention is paid to restricting ballot access, changing the voting rules, counting the votes, attacking the results and election subversion.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the appointment, preparation, conducting and determining the results of the US presidential elections due in 2024.
From the Great Depression through World War II, the American Communist Party tried to take control of the motion picture industry. This comprehensive and chronological account of Communist influence ...in Hollywood surveys the topic from the Popular Front's fight against Fascism during the 1930s to the height of the House Un-American Activities Committee hearings in the late 1940s. Birdnow, an established historian and chronicler of domestic Communism, outlines Communist International's organizational efforts promoting international communism, focusing on the work of Communist political activists such as Willi Münzenberg, a media mogul with an international network; Gerhart Eisler, patron of a Hollywood composer; and Otto Katz, a high-profile publicist of the party line involved in movies in the 1930s and 1940s. The book explores the covert ways in which Hollywood Communists and Soviet sympathizers attempted to tailor movie scripts to suit the Soviet agenda and discusses Communist front groups such as the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League in great detail. Final chapters offer convincing proof that the directors, producers, and screenwriters blacklisted by studios for their possible Communist affiliations, known as the Hollywood Ten, were members of the Communist Party.
Chemical modification of proteins provides great opportunities to control and visualize living systems. The most common way to modify proteins is reaction of their abundant amines with ...N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters. Here we explore the impact of amine number and positioning on protein-conjugate behavior using streptavidin-biotin, a central research tool. Dye-NHS modification of streptavidin severely damaged ligand binding, necessitating development of a new streptavidin-retaining ultrastable binding after labeling. Exploring the ideal level of dye modification, we engineered a panel bearing 1–6 amines per subunit: “amine landscaping.” Surprisingly, brightness increased as amine number decreased, revealing extensive quenching following conventional labeling. We ultimately selected Flavidin (fluorophore-friendly streptavidin), combining ultrastable ligand binding with increased brightness after conjugation. Flavidin enhanced fluorescent imaging, allowing more sensitive and specific cell labeling in tissues. Flavidin should have wide application in molecular detection, providing a general insight into how to optimize simultaneously the behavior of the biomolecule and the chemical probe.
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•Labeling of streptavidin with small-molecule dyes impairs ligand binding•K121R mutation rescues ligand stability after dye labeling•Landscaping of protein amines optimizes brightness•Fluorophore-friendly streptavidin improves imaging specificity and sensitivity
Chemical coupling of dyes frequently damages protein function. Jacobsen et al. explored this challenge using the widespread tool streptavidin. Through an amine-landscaping strategy, they produced “Fluorophore-friendly streptavidin” which combines extreme ligand-binding stability with brighter and more specific cellular imaging performance.
In 1919 Charlotte Anita Whitney, a wealthy white woman, received one of the first Communist Labor Party membership cards for the charter group of the northern California Communist Labor Party. Less ...than a decade later in Berkeley, California, a Jewish woman named Dorothy Ray Healey became a card-carrying member of the Young Communist League. Nearly forty years later, in 1966, Kendra Claire Harris Alexander, a mixed-race woman, enlisted with the Los Angeles branch of the Communist Party, determined to promote class equality.
InGendering Radicalism, Beth Slutsky examines how American leftist radicalism was experienced through the lives of these three women who led the California branches of the Communist Party from its founding in 1919 to its near dissolution in 1992. Separately, each woman represents a generation of the membership and activism of the party. Collectively, Slutsky argues, their individual histories tell the story of one of the most infamous organizations this country has ever known and in a broader sense represent the story of all women who have devoted their lives to radicalism in America. Slutsky considers how gender politics, California's political climate, coalitions with other activist groups and local communities, and generational dynamics created a grassroots Communist movement distinct from the Communist parties in the Soviet Union and Europe. An ambitious comparative study,Gendering Radicalismdemonstrates the continuity and changes of the party both within and among three generations of its female leaders' lives.
The Africa Policy of Russia Besenyo, János
Terrorism and political violence,
01/2019, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We have heard ever more about the growing Russian presence in Africa in the past few years, which might appear strange for many people. Those, however, who know the history of the Black Continent, ...also know that Russian presence is not a new phenomenon. Africa was an important place during the Cold War where the Soviet Union not only competed with the United States of America, but also with China. For those who observed the robustly growing US and Chinese Africa policies, it could have appeared after the end of the classic Cold War, that the Russians had retreated beyond the borders of their country, abandoning the Black Continent in favour of their previous rivals. However, it did not happen, because the Russians did not close their diplomatic missions as they did in the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the Russians played a key role in UN Peacekeeping Missions in Africa, where they provided the necessary Air Transportation Capabilities together with the Ukrainians. Today it is becoming obvious that not only a new form of the Cold War has been resumed between the West and Russia but also the fact that the Russian "retreat" was only temporary. The relations with African countries are becoming increasingly important not only for the Russians, but also for the Africans, who need no longer choose between the American and the Chinese way of development. Even though the US and China did not view Russia as a competitor in the recent past, taking into account the events of the past few years the situation has changed. We also need to see that Russia-similarly to China-is primarily a competitor to US great power interests. China intends to cooperate with Russia, rather than competing, whilst not denying the existence of competition between the two countries. I would like to give a picture of this process in my study, including the changing balance of powers in Africa.
This paper analyzes, using Web of Science publications and two time periods (2004–2006 and 2014–2016), the disciplinary structures in the three prestigious journals
Nature
,
Science
and
PNAS
, ...compared with two baselines:
Non
-
NSP_Multi (
multidisciplinary publications that have other source journals than
Nature
,
Science
and
PNAS
), and
Non
-
Multi
(publications assigned to other categories than
Multidisciplinary
). We analyze the profiles at two levels, journal and country. The results for the journal level show that for
Nature
and
Science
, the publications are considerably less concentrated to certain disciplines compared to
PNAS
.
Biology
is the dominant discipline for all the three journals.
Nature
and
Science
have similar publication shares in
Medicine, Geosciences, Physics, Space science, and Chemistry.
The publications of
PNAS
are highly concentrated to two disciplines:
Biology
and
Medicine
. Compared with
Non
-
NSP_Multi
and
Non
-
Multi
, the shares of
Biology
in
NSP
journals are higher, whereas the share of
Medicine
is lower. At the country level, 14 countries are included, among them the five
BRICS
countries. With respect to the
NSP
journals, the emphasis disciplines (in terms of world share of publications) of most countries other than USA are the disciplines in which USA has its weakest performance. The disciplinary structures of USA and of most of the other studied countries therefore tend to be different. Regarding
Non
-
NSP_Multi
and
Non
-
Multi
, the shapes of the disciplinary structures of the 14 countries can be roughly grouped into three groups, while there are more types of shapes for the countries in the
NSP
journals. For all five units of analysis, the discipline structures of most countries generally change only slightly between different time periods. The structures of some
BRICS
countries, however, change to a relatively large extent.
This book examines the development of the Communist Party in the United States in its first decade, from 1919 to 1929. It argues that the Communist International played an important role in the early ...part of this decade in forcing the party to "Americanise". By the late 1920s, however, the Comintern, reflecting the Stalinistation of the Soviet Union, intervened into the American party to ensure the Stalinisation of American Communism.
SUMMARY The search for interpretations of its own territory has always been a sign of identity throughout American history. After the end of World War II a new paradigm of landscape arose to address ...the substantial changes that were taking place in the territory, finding its essential core in the most banal and conventional architecture. KEYWORDS cultural landscape; architecture; the United States of America; photography; John Brinckerhoff Jackson; new vernacular En los años sesenta Raymond Williams, tras analizar cómo ciertos acontecimientos en Inglaterra habían sido condicionados por la información ofrecida en algunos medios de comunicación, reflexionó sobre los vínculos entre la realidad y el acto de su descripción y comunicación, apuntando a que la asunción de que la primera precedía necesariamente a la segunda era un error. La exposición "New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape" asumía un discurso paisajístico, el del hombre como agente principal en la conformación del territorio, que ya tenía una cierta tradición en los Estados Unidos, ya fuese como instrumento de crítica o como simple manifestación estética.
"The book traces the beginnings, development, and demise of a unique program of mobile camps for Senior Girl Scouts in the American Southwest between the years 1947 and 1957. In addition to a history ...of the program, it features trip itineraries and selected memories from the nearly 300 girls who went through the program of two week caravan camps, each covering roughly 1200 miles of the northern Southwest. Girl Scouts visited National Parks and Monuments,and many other points of scientific and scenic interest,and often they returned for several seasons to see and learn yet more. The camps were led by Dr. Bertha Dutton, curator at the Museum of New Mexico and Associate in Archaeology at the School of American Research (now the School for Advanced Research), Santa Fe. They were jointly sponsored by Girl Scouts of the United States of America and the Museum and the School. Dutton was well versed in the Indigenous, Hispanic, and American her
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