SUMMARY
With the development of high‐throughput sequencing, many long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play important roles in diverse biological processes. However, the biological ...functions of most plant lncRNAs are still unknown. We have previously discovered a tomato ripening‐related lncRNA, lncRNA1459. Here, we cloned the full‐length lncRNA1459, giving two transcript isoforms. In addition, lncRNA1459 exhibited a specific location in the nucleus. Furthermore, in order to fully identify the function of lncRNA1459 in tomato ripening, loss‐of‐function mutants of lncRNA1459 were developed using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/‐associated protein 9 (Cas9)‐induced genome editing technology. Compared with wild‐type fruits, the tomato ripening process was significantly repressed in lncRNA1459 mutants. Ethylene production and lycopene accumulation were largely repressed in lncRNA1459 mutants. Additionally, genes related to ethylene and carotenoid biosynthesis were distinctly downregulated in lncRNA1459 mutants compared with wild‐type fruits. Moreover, expression of numerous ripening‐related genes was changed significantly when lncRNA1459 was knocked out. Expression of potential tomato ripening‐related lncRNAs was also specifically changed after knocking out lncRNA1459. Taken together, these results provide insight into the role of lncRNA1459 in tomato fruit ripening.
Significance Statement
In this work the full length of lncRNA1459 was cloned and the subcellular location of lncRNA1459 was verified. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out lncRNA1459, indicating a relationship between lncRNA1459 and tomato fruit ripening.
Finding thresholds at which loss of plant functionality occurs during drought is critical for predicting future crop productivity and survival. Xylem resistance to embolism has been suggested as a ...key trait associated with water-stress tolerance. Although a substantial literature exists describing the vulnerability of woody stems to embolism, leaves and roots of herbaceous species remain under-represented. Also, little is known about vulnerability to embolism at a whole-plant scale or propagation of embolism within plants.
New techniques to view the process of embolism formation provide opportunities to resolve long-standing questions. Here, we used multiple visual techniques, including X-ray microcomputed tomography and the optical vulnerability method, to investigate the spread of embolism within intact stems, leaves and roots of Solanum lycopersicum (common tomato).
We found that roots, stems and leaves of tomato plants all exhibited similar vulnerability to embolism, suggesting that embolism rapidly propagates among tissues. Although we found scarce evidence for differentiation of xylem vulnerability among tissues at the scale of the whole plant, within a leaf the midrib embolized at higher water potentials than lower order veins.
Substantial overlap between the onset of cavitation and incipient leaf damage suggests that cavitation represents a substantial damage to plants, but the point of lethal cavitation in this herbaceous species remains uncertain.
A pilot scale infrared dry-peeling system for tomatoes was designed and constructed. The system consisted of three major sections including the IR heating, vacuum, and pinch roller sections. The ...peeling performance of the system was examined under different operational conditions using tomatoes with different cultivars and sizes. Three lines of tomatoes were heated and processed at the same time at a residence time of 125 s and achieved a percentage of fully peeled tomatoes of 85%, a peeling yield of 82%, and an average thickness of peeled tomato skin of 0.75 mm. When tomatoes were loaded as a single line, the required heating time was reduced to a range from 80 to 100 s, depending of tomato size, for achieving the same level of peeling percentage and yield. The presence of the vacuum section could achieve cracks in 100% of the tomatoes after IR heating. The peeled products from IR heating had high firmness and appealing surface integrity, which indicated desirable quality characteristics. Because the dry-peeling is a chemical- and water-free process, residuals of tomato skins after IR peeling could be easily utilised as value-added by-products.
•Infrared heating was successfully demonstrated for tomato peeling in a pilot scale.•Smaller tomatoes exhibited a higher percentage of fully peeled product.•The highest peelability was 94% for medium size tomatoes after 120 s of IR heating.•IR peeling had products with better firmness and integrity than steam peeling.•Tomato skins from IR peeling were chemical free and good as value-added products.
Agriculture is the most crucial sector of the Indian economy. Lately, there has been a surge in the usage of technologies like deep learning and computer vision to make the process of agriculture ...modern and consequently, lessening the mistakes related to conventional processes. This work delivers a user-friendly, accessible, and novel approach for the detection, counting, and grading of tomatoes found on a farm. An Augmented Reality (AR) based mobile application is developed to obtain the images efficiently from a tomato farm in the pre-harvest stage subjected to open situations. The proposed approach uses Faster RCNN, a convolutional neural network model for detection of tomatoes from the input image on a large scale. The proposed model is trained and tested using 2083 images. The results are then analyzed for the overall performance of detection, segmentation, and classification of tomatoes. The results have examined the efficiency of the proposed mobile application and demonstrate the robustness it exhibits for the detection, grading and yield prediction of Tomatoes.
Fruit Softening: Revisiting the Role of Pectin Wang, Duoduo; Yeats, Trevor H.; Uluisik, Selman ...
Trends in plant science,
April 2018, 2018-04-00, 20180401, Letnik:
23, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Fruit softening, which is a major determinant of shelf life and commercial value, is the consequence of multiple cellular processes, including extensive remodeling of cell wall structure. Recently, ...it has been shown that pectate lyase (PL), an enzyme that degrades de-esterified pectin in the primary wall, is a major contributing factor to tomato fruit softening. Studies of pectin structure, distribution, and dynamics have indicated that pectins are more tightly integrated with cellulose microfibrils than previously thought and have novel structural features, including branches of the main polymer backbone. Moreover, recent studies of the significance of pectinases, such as PL and polygalacturonase, are consistent with a causal relationship between pectin degradation and a major effect on fruit softening.
Fruit softening is a major determinant of shelf life and commercial value. Here, we highlight recent work that revisits the role of pectin in fruit softening and primary cell wall structure. These studies demonstrate the importance of pectin and the link between its degradation and softening in fleshy fruits.
•We propose a deep learning‐based method for tomato plant disease detection.•We generate synthetic images using C‐GAN for data augmentation purposes.•A DenseNet121 model is trained on the original ...tomato leaf and synthetic images.•The proposed data augmentation technique improves network generalizability.•Proposed method achieves the best accuracy of 99.51% for 5‐class classification.
Plant diseases and pernicious insects are a considerable threat in the agriculture sector. Therefore, early detection and diagnosis of these diseases are essential. The ongoing development of profound deep learning methods has greatly helped in the detection of plant diseases, granting a vigorous tool with exceptionally precise outcomes but the accuracy of deep learning models depends on the volume and the quality of labeled data for training. In this paper, we have proposed a deep learning-based method for tomato disease detection that utilizes the Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (C-GAN) to generate synthetic images of tomato plant leaves. Thereafter, a DenseNet121 model is trained on synthetic and real images using transfer learning to classify the tomato leaves images into ten categories of diseases. The proposed model has been trained and tested extensively on publicly available PlantVillage dataset. The proposed method achieved an accuracy of 99.51%, 98.65%, and 97.11% for tomato leaf image classification into 5 classes, 7 classes, and 10 classes, respectively. The proposed approach shows its superiority over the existing methodologies.
Chopped in salads, scooped up in salsa, slathered on pizza and pasta, squeezed onto burgers and fries, and filling aisles with roma, cherry, beefsteak, on-the-vine, and heirloom: where would American ...food, fast and slow, high and low, be without the tomato? The tomato represents the best and worst of American cuisine: though the plastic-looking corporate tomato is the hallmark of industrial agriculture, the tomato's history also encompasses farmers' markets and home gardens.Garden Varietyilluminates American culinary culture from 1800 to the present, challenging a simple story of mass-produced homogeneity and demonstrating the persistence of diverse food cultures throughout modern America.John Hoenig explores the path by which, over the last two centuries, the tomato went from a rare seasonal crop to America's favorite vegetable. He pays particular attention to the noncorporate tomato. During the twentieth century, as food production, processing, and distribution became increasingly centralized, the tomato remained king of the vegetable garden and, in recent years, has become the centerpiece of alternative food cultures. Reading seed catalogs, menus, and cookbooks, and following the efforts of cooks and housewives to find new ways to prepare and preserve tomatoes, Hoenig challenges the extent to which branding, advertising, and marketing dominated twentieth-century American life. He emphasizes the importance of tomatoes to numerous immigrant groups and their influence on the development of American food cultures.Garden Varietyhighlights the limits on corporations' ability to shape what we eat, inviting us to rethink the history of our foodways and to take the opportunity to expand the palate of American cuisine.
In an attempt to find more effective methods and safety to control the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, this research was conducted to study the efficacy of the four bio-treatments ; two bacterial ...isolates (Bacillus subtilis. and Pseudomonas Fluorescence), one fungal isolate Trichoderma viride) and Spinosad as a microbial insecticide compared with the most common insecticides used against the dipterous and lepidopterous leaf miners in Egypt; Profenofos and Aphox. In the two successive seasons; 2011 and 2012, the fungal isolate Trichoderma viride achieved the lowest infestation(numbers of infested leaflets, mines, infestation percentages) which were 167, 195, and 21.9% resp.in season 2011 and 198, 222 and 26.2% resp. in season 2012. While the highest infestation was occurred in case of using the insecticides, Aphox (423, 559 and 55.9% resp.& 384, 839 and 72.2%. and Prohpenofos (436, 562 and 57.7% &391, 534 and 51.7% resp.).during 2011 and 2012 respectively. The other treatments occupied the intermediate levels. On the other hand, the yield of tomato fruits was increased by 75% over the check in case of plants treated with Trichoderma viride isolate, but the pesticide treatment given weak or no impact in increasing tomato crop. In season 2012, the infested tomato fruits percentages with T. absoluta larvae and Rhizoctonia soil rot disease(that Frequently observed incidentally) were recorded the minimum levels obtained by spraying Trichoderma viride isolate(21.38 and 10.32% resp.). In contrast, the maximum levels were recorded in Prophenofos (44.87 and22.78% resp.) and Aphox treatments(47.22 and 27.78% resp.).
One nonanthocyanin-accumulating (Ailsa Craig) and three anthocyanin-accumulating tomato genotypes (Anthocyanin fruit type, Atroviolaceum, and Sun Black) were analyzed to assess differences in their ...carotenoid and anthocyanin levels and color and to evaluate the effects of nutrient solutions with different salt concentrations on these parameters. The carotenoid content of control Atroviolaceum tomatoes was ca. 2–2.5-fold higher relative to the other two types, and the color of its puree could be visually distinguished from those of other genotypes. Salinity stress led in some cases to a 2–3-fold increase in the lycopene content. Saline treatment increased the accumulation of total anthocyanins in fruits of Sun Black (2-fold increase), while it reduced it in fruits of Anthocyanin (10-fold decrease). In general, the treatment increased the differences in color of different purees. These results indicate that salinity stress can lead to similar or higher increases in tomato carotenoids than those achieved by genetic engineering. In addition, these changes were accompanied by visually discernible color differences in tomato products. Our findings show the considerable potential of exploiting saline soils to obtain tomatoes with higher levels of secondary metabolites like carotenoids and anthocyanins.
Chilling stress is the main constraint in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production, as this is a chilling-sensitive horticultural crop. The highly conserved C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) are ...cold-response-system components found in many species. In this study, we generated slcbf1 mutants using the CRISPR–Cas9 system and investigated the role of SlCBF1 in tomato-plant chilling tolerances. The slcbf1 mutants exhibited more severe chilling-injury symptoms with higher electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde levels than wild-type (WT) plants. Additionally, slcbf1 mutants showed lower proline and protein contents and higher hydrogen peroxide contents and activities of antioxidant enzymes than WT plants. Knockout of SlCBF1 significantly increased indole acetic acid contents but decreased methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and zeatin riboside contents. The reduced chilling tolerance of the slcbf1 mutants was further reflected by the down-regulation of CBF-related genes. These results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying SlCBF1 mediation of tomato chilling sensitivity.
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