Technological innovation has played an important role in the socio-economic development of societies but, this development has come with some potential hazards to the environment. To do so, we use ...annual time series data over the period 1990–2018 to measure the symmetric and asymmetric effects of technology innovation on carbon emissions for Pakistan. In estimates of linear ARDL model, we found patent (trademark) has negative (positive) short-run symmetric effects on carbon emissions that have been changed into the long-run symmetric insignificant effects in Pakistan. However, when we employed a nonlinear ARDL model, we found the positive and negative shock of the patent has insignificant short-run asymmetric effects while the positive shock of the trademark has an insignificant and negative shock of the trademark has negative significant effects on carbon emissions in the short run. Our findings have been changed into the long-run asymmetric effects in Pakistan. Overall, the results show that asymmetric effects exist between technology innovation and carbon emissions in the long run. Therefore, this empirical research is applicable to policymakers in Pakistan as well as developing economies.
Irrelevant Confusion Lemley, Mark A.; McKenna, Mark
Stanford law review,
01/2010, Letnik:
62, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
While trademark law prevents competitors from misrepresenting the source of their products by mimicking another's brand name, logo, or trade dress, the law of false advertising prevents false or ...misleading statements about the nature or qualities of one's own or a competitor's products.\n These cases, then, are a good example of why we don't rule out non-quality-related confusion categorically. ... courts could draw inferences or create presumptions of materiality for certain classes of explicit statements like "Coke is the official drink of American Idol," just as false advertising law currently treats literal falsity more harshly than literally true but allegedly misleading representations.15 And the opposite risk - that plaintiffs will prove materiality by dubious evidence - can be reduced by demanding a logical causal chain showing injury to the trademark owner. 55 In any event, the risk of false negatives must be balanced against the costs of sponsorship and affiliation litigation, which as we suggested in Part II are substantial.
•In 1996, the unitary European Union trademark title was established.•We analyze the impact of this reform using a novel data set.•We document a reduction in the cost of protection and an increase in ...the propensity to protect a mark.•Especially applicants seeking protection in several and in smaller EU markets benefit.•The demand for national trademark titles remains stable, especially in larger markets.
We study the impact of the European Union Trademark (EUTM), the first pan-European intellectual property right (IPR) title established in 1996. The EUTM drastically reduced the cost of trademark protection, particularly for firms active in many EU member states. As a consequence, the number of marks and the resources spent on protection increased substantially, indicating that there was a large latent demand for IPR protection. Our results suggest that the fragmentation of the EU IPR system, due to the resulting high cost of IPR protection, is an impediment to market entry and innovation, especially for companies operating in smaller EU member states. Our findings are informative for the governance of IPR protection in the EU as well as for plans to harmonize the IPR environment in other trade blocs.
WC-NiCr and WC-Hastelloy C coatings were deposited on Monel K-500 substrate by HVOF-spray with an aim to enhance cavitation erosion resistance of the alloy. The cavitation tests were performed for ...10 h following ASTM G32-10 standard. Both WC-NiCr as well as WC-Hastelloy C coatings successfully reduced the erosion volume loss of the alloy by 59% and 9% respectively. The relatively superior performance of WC-NiCr coating could be attributed to better combination of its microhardness and fracture toughness. Formation of craters, cavities, and debonding of splats were found to be the signatures of cavitation erosion in the coatings. Whereas, microplastic tearing and microcracks were observed as the primary erosion mechanism in Monel K-500.
•WC-NiCr and WC-Hastelloy C coatings were deposited on Monel K-500 by HVOF spray.•Both the coatings enhanced the cavitation resistance of Monel.•WC-NiCr coating recommended as a better choice for cavitation resistance.•Hardness and fracture toughness jointly contribute to cavitation resistance.•The coatings showed brittle fracture as the primary erosion mechanism.
Removing the Human from Trademark Law Roy, Alpana; Marsoof, Althaf
IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law,
05/2024, Letnik:
55, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper envisions a future in which humans begin to entrust interconnected and intelligent devices and machines with the power to make purchasing decisions on their behalf. Artificial Intelligence ...(AI), together with the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology, will likely make this possible. What might be the role of trademarks and the law governing their protection in such a future? This paper responds to this question by considering how the use of AI, IoT, and blockchain technology in the retail space will impact the foundational concepts underpinning trademark law. The discussion highlights the difficulty of shifting trademark law away from its human-centric focus, where core doctrines and principles revolve around human interaction and perceptions, towards a system capable of adapting to a future where devices and machines interact with trademarks. Perhaps the time is ripe for legislative innovation in the field of trademarks.
Since the graphical representation requirement for trademark registration was abolished in the European Union, the need to critically appraise its effect on the registration of Non-Traditional Marks ...has become necessary. The question as to whether or not countries with similar provisions for graphical representation in their trademark laws should follow in the footsteps of the European Union has also become relevant. This paper critically evaluates the effect of the removal of the graphical representation requirement on the registration of olfactory, tactile and gustatory marks by offering arguments, examples and legal authorities to support its view. The paper found that even though the EU has recently relaxed the graphical representation requirement, this step makes very little practical difference to the registrability of olfactory, tactile and gustatory marks. The reason for the said category of mark's failure to satisfy the graphical representation requirement prior to its abolition still persists under the revised EU registration system. In this regard, the paper concludes that the changes brought about by the EU Trademark Reform Package are more cosmetic than substantive with regard to the registration of olfactory tactile and gustatory marks.
•The corrosion behavior of three nickel-based alloys in HF solution are investigated.•Strong reductive Mo impedes other elements from participating in reaction.•The thermodynamic of Fe and Cr ...compounds are stable than Mo-oxides.•The excellent corrosion resistance of Monel 400 arises from beneficial effect of Cu.•Precipitation and inclusion destroy passive film and induce local corrosion.
The corrosion behavior of Hastelloy C-276, Inconel 600 and Monel 400 in 40 wt.% hydrofluoric acid at 50 °C are compared and corrosion mechanisms are discussed. Results show that different corrosion resistance of these alloys is caused by both elemental composition and microstructure inhomogeneity. The less stable Mo-dominated passivation film and severe intergranular corrosion induced by M6C result in lower corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-276. While Inconel 600 has more stable passivation film, the presence of inclusion breaks passive films and deteriorates corrosion resistance. By contrast, higher standard electrode potential of Cu and defect-free surface make higher corrosion resistance of Monel 400.
The current standards for denying and cancelling trademarks under section 2(a) of the Lanham Act are insufficiently clear to prevent trademark examiners and administrative judges from employing ...viewpoint-based discrimination against owners of marks that are perceived to be immoral, scandalous, or disparaging. Since trademark protection is a grant of speech rights to mark owners, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's (PTO) discretionary decisions to deny or cancel the registration of marks that represent particular viewpoints under section 2(a) are at odds with the First Amendment protections afforded to both commercial and expressive speech. This Comment proposes that to protect the First Amendment rights of mark owners, the PTO should employ a policy that all allegedly immoral, scandalous, or disparaging marks are presumptively valid and can be denied registration or cancelled only upon a showing that the proposed marks are within the specific categories of speech deemed to be outside the realm of First Amendment protection. Stricter standards for denying and cancelling trademarks under section 2(a) will allow the commercial marketplace and the marketplace of ideas to determine the fate of these so-called "undesirable" trademarks.
Legal protection for Nike trademark holders in the Klithikan Pakuncen market in Yogyakarta is still not effective because there is no special regulation to protect Nike trademark holders. Law Number ...20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications only concerns the protection of counterfeit goods. This research aims to determine the legal protection for the holder of the Nike trademark on counterfeit shoes in the Klithikan Pakuncen market in Yogyakarta. This study uses a type of combined legal research (normative-empirical) with a legal approach to examine the laws and regulations governing the legal protection of Nike trademark holders on counterfeit shoes circulating in the Klithikan Pakuncen Market, Yogyakarta. The study results concluded that legal protection for holders of counterfeit shoes at the Klithikan Pakuncen Market in Yogyakarta was not effective because the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and the Department of Industry and Commerce had not fully supervised, fostered, nor taken action. Brand infringement which is a complaint offense means that there is not yet complete extra supervision from brand owners to file complaints to parties such as the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and the Department of Industry and Commerce, which should enforce the law instead of doing it passively.
Abstract
Advancements of virtual reality technology pave the way for developing wearable devices to enable somatosensory sensation, which can bring more comprehensive perception and feedback in ...the metaverse-based virtual society. Here, we propose augmented tactile-perception and haptic-feedback rings with multimodal sensing and feedback capabilities. This highly integrated ring consists of triboelectric and pyroelectric sensors for tactile and temperature perception, and vibrators and nichrome heaters for vibro- and thermo-haptic feedback. All these components integrated on the ring can be directly driven by a custom wireless platform of low power consumption for wearable/portable scenarios. With voltage integration processing, high-resolution continuous finger motion tracking is achieved via the triboelectric tactile sensor, which also contributes to superior performance in gesture/object recognition with artificial intelligence analysis. By fusing the multimodal sensing and feedback functions, an interactive metaverse platform with cross-space perception capability is successfully achieved, giving people a face-to-face like immersive virtual social experience.
