Increasing global emissions has led to research on the role of innovations play combating emissions. Mitigations from innovation perspective have mainly been focused on the role of patent, ignoring ...the role of trademarks. We therefore investigate the mitigating power of patent and trademarks in the OECD economies, benchmarking patent as the traditional mitigation strategy. Examining the complimentary role, we created an interaction term between patent and trademark. Our study divided the OECD economies into four subpanels which are OECD America, OCED Asia, OECD Europe, and OECD Oceania. We employed the Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat, Augmented Dickey-Fuller, and Phillips Perron unit root tests, as well as cross-sectional dependence and Westerlund cointegration tests for the preliminary test on the variables. We also adopted ARDL approach to cointegration, Granger causality test, and OLS in examining the relationship between CO
2
and patent, trademark, urbanization, and economic growth. Findings show that jointly, eco-patents and trademarks mitigate CO
2
emissions. Also, bidirectional or unidirectional causal relationship was established between our variables of study, an indication that most of our variables can be used in forecasting one other.
According to Industrial Property Code (IPC), trademarks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which may serve, in trade, to designate the geographical origin of the goods or services, ...shall not be registered. Also trademarks which are of such a nature as to deceive the public, as to the geographical origin of the goods or service shall not be registered as well. Such absolute grounds for refusal or invalidity have been patterned especially on jurisprudence. In this article, the absolute grounds for refusal or invalidity regarding geographical trademarks are examined in light of jurisprudence of Turkish Court of Appeal. Whether a trademark designates the geographical origin of the goods/services or deceives the public as to the geographical origin of the goods/service is determined according to the perception of the relevant class of persons. IPC Art. 5.1c or Art. 5.1f shall be applied where the relevant class of persons percepts the geographical place in the trademark as the place of manufacture of the goods/service. If this place is the actual place of manufacture, IPC Art. 5.1c shall be applied and if not, IPC Art. 5.1.f shall be applied. In Pendik Judgment, the Court of Appeal has given the decision that the geographical names can not be registered as trademarks unless they are part of a noun phrase. This approach, which has later been ingrained, is inaccurate. IPC already prevents the registration of geographical trademarks where such registration will be considered harmful for the relevant class of persons or competitors. In this respect, the restrictive approach of the High Court is both unnecessary and groundless in terms of IPC.
Two-dimensional nanofluidic channels are emerging candidates for capturing osmotic energy from salinity gradients. However, present two-dimensional nanofluidic architectures are generally constructed ...by simple stacking of pristine nanosheets with insufficient charge densities, and exhibit low-efficiency transport dynamics, consequently resulting in undesirable power densities (<1 W m
). Here we demonstrate MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composite membranes as high-performance nanofluidic osmotic power generators. By mixing river water and sea water, the power density can achieve a value of approximately 4.1 W m
, outperforming the state-of-art membranes to the best of our knowledge. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the correlation between surface charge of MXene and space charge brought by nanofibers plays a key role in modulating ion diffusion and can synergistically contribute to such a considerable energy conversion performance. This work highlights the promise in the coupling of surface charge and space charge in nanoconfinement for energy conversion driven by chemical potential gradients.
Hydraulic components used in the maritime environment suffer damage due to the effects of corrosion and marine biofouling accumulation. The application of engineered coatings can overcome these ...problems. This study investigated the corrosion and mechanical performance of novel high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) sprayed ceramic-metal composite coatings; i.e., WC-18 wt% Hastelloy C and WC-10 wt% Ni-5 wt% Cr, designed for the protection of marine hydraulic components. A conventional atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) ceramic coating (i.e., Al2O3-40 wt% TiO2) and uncoated Monel K500 substrate were tested for benchmarking purposes. The corrosion performance of the samples was assessed using a combination of laboratory-based tests (i.e., electrochemical polarization, neutral salt spray, hot water immersion) and field exposure tests by immersion in seawater. The mechanical properties of the samples were assessed via a drop-weight impact test and the tensile adhesion test. The results showed that the HVOF coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance and mechanical performance compared to the baseline APS ceramic coating and uncoated Monel K500 substrate.
•Corrosion/mechanical properties of HVOF WC-based Ni binder coatings were studied.•HVOF coatings had excellent corrosion performance in seawater field exposure tests.•HVOF coatings have high impact strength than Monel or Al2O3.40TiO2 coating.•HVOF coatings have high adhesion strength compared to Al2O3.40TiO2 coating.•HVOF WC-based Ni binder coatings are suitable for use in maritime industry.
•An individual trademark is viewed as a set of characteristics determined by the owner's branding strategy and trademark law.•Implicit trademark value is captured by examining the effect of these ...characteristics on the owner's decision to engage in trademark protection.•Both brand- and law-related characteristics are found to have value implications, which is evident from their association with the duration of trademark protection.•However, the value interpretation of some characteristics appears to depend on the stage of the trademark protection lifecycle.
This work identifies and studies the determinants of trademark value. In particular, it focuses on trademark characteristics that are related to the underlying brand and on legally stipulated characteristics. To reveal the value implications of the identified trademark characteristics, it follows the idea that more valuable trademarks tend to be protected for a longer period than less valuable trademarks, provided that the benefits of this protection exceed its costs. Thus, those characteristics that have a positive association with the duration of trademark protection should indicate more valuable trademarks. The empirical analysis relies on studying trademark activities in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, largely owing to its heavy reliance on product differentiation to compete in the market. The results suggest that trademark characteristics are an important predictor of trademark value. At the same time, the value interpretation of some characteristics depends on the stage of the trademark protection lifecycle (that is, registration, maintenance, or renewal) under consideration.
Trademark Research and Trademark Database NAKAMURA, Tetsu; OI, Asami
The Journal of Information Science and Technology Association,
2018/02/01, 20180201, Letnik:
68, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
For Japanese trademarks, various books have been published, and much information is available from Japan Patent Office and related organizations, IP law firms, local governments, etc. Also, it is ...relatively easy to find information via online searches. On the other hand, it is not so easy to gather necessary information on the overseas trademark searches, trademarks applied / registered abroad and overseas databases offered by foreign trademark offices. This article will explain the overview of the overseas trademark searches, and then briefly describe how the overseas databases are utilized during these searches and the things one should take note of. The article will also refer to important overseas databases, their noteworthy functions, points to watchout for, etc.
Under section 26(b) of the 'Trade Marks Act 2002' ('2002 Act'), where "other special circumstances" exist and it is considered "proper", a trade mark application may be registered despite its ...conflicting with an existing trade mark. What amounts to "other special circumstances" is not defined in the 2002 Act, and the exception has not been subject to detailed judicial consideration. This lacuna creates challenges for applicants, their advisers, the Intellectual Property Office and the courts. In this article, by considering the text, context and historical purpose of such an exception, I argue that the provision should be understood as a mechanism to grant registration where this would avoid injustice because of the existence of out-of-the-ordinary circumstances faced by the trade mark applicant or which relate to the position between the trade mark applicant and the owner of a conflicting registration. A wide range of circumstances may be deemed "special" under section 26(b). However, I suggest that evidence of prior use per se and without more does not and should not automatically fall within the exception. Further, adjudicators should continue to approach the exception cautiously and narrowly to ensure it does not undermine other core tenets of New Zealand's trade mark system.
Global online sales for products, where many are substantially identical or deceptively similar, are the cause of a growing number of trademark (TM) infringement lawsuits. This research proposes an ...intelligent trademark legal precedent recommendation system to assist trademark owners to find relevant past cases, laws, and judgments to form legal arguments to defend against infringement. Judicial precedent and applicable laws from the USA are used to construct an ontology of trademark litigation knowledge. The ontology is used to analyze potential infringement cases with similar laws and precedents used to resolve previous legal disputes. The analysis provides a basis for proceeding with legal action necessary to protect a company's brand equity when arguing potential trademark infringement. Using the Python programming language, the precedent-based recommendation system provides a means for continuously updating trademark case data and assists TM owners to quickly identify similar cases to support infringement allegations.
This article distinguishes between the protection of well-known foreign trademarks and well-known national trademarks under Jordanian legislation, in particular the Jordanian Trademarks Law and the ...Unfair Competition and Trade Secrets Law. This article does not dispute that well-known foreign trademarks will enjoy certain privileges, whether registered or not. Rather it contends that reforming Jordanian Trademarks Law to remove vagueness in protecting well-known national trademarks may hold merit. Any legislative change, however, would need to be carefully considered in light of how well-known foreign and national trademarks generally coexist under the Jordanian Trademarks Law.
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