Zusammenfassung
Vor der China International Import Expo (CIIE) im November 2021 führten wir eine Studie mit Geschäftsleuten aus Brasilien, Mexiko und Deutschland durch, die eine auf Verhandlungen mit ...Chinesen ausgerichtete Fortbildung angefragt hatten, um gut auf diese Messe vorbereitet zu sein. Um mehr über deren besonderen Bedürfnisse herauszufinden, verteilten wir einen Fragebogen vor dem Verhandlungstraining, in dem wir ihre Ansichten über Verhandlungen im Allgemeinen und ihre genauen Bedürfnisse in Bezug auf Verhandlungen mit chinesischen Geschäftsleuten erfragten. Unserer Analyse der 57 Rückantworten zufolge interessierten sich die befragten Geschäftsleute am meisten für die Entwicklung von Verhandlungsdenken, den Umgang mit vertragsbezogenen Themen und den Aufbau von Vertrauen und stabilen Geschäftsbeziehungen. Hinsichtlich der Verhandlungen mit chinesischen Geschäftsleuten legten die Teilnehmer einen besonderen Fokus auf das Erkennen von Entscheidungsträgern im chinesischen Verhandlungsteam, den Umgang mit rechtlichen Belangen in Verhandlungen und die typisch chinesischen moralischen Wertvorstellungen in Bezug auf das Geschäftsleben. In Kooperation mit dem Trainingsanbieter wurden unsere Studienergebnisse dazu verwendet, um das nachfolgende Training auf die Bedürfnisse der zukünftigen Teilnehmer zuzuschneiden. Um die Auswirkungen eines solchen modifizierten Trainings zu untersuchen, baten wir die ehemaligen Fortbildungsteilnehmer – nach der Gelegenheit, das Gelernte im realen Umfeld der CIIE anzuwenden – in einem zweiten Fragebogen verschiedene Aspekte ihres Trainings zu evaluieren und sich zu zukünftigen Fortbildungsinteressen zu äußern. Das äußerst positive Feedback der 49 Umfrageteilnehmer bestärkt unsere Annahme, dass die Inhalte von Verhandlungstrainings auf die Bedürfnisse der Teilnehmer zugeschnitten sein sollten und dass wir einen möglichen Weg aufgezeigt haben, wie solche Daten erhoben und evaluiert werden können.
Actualmente desconocemos el razonamiento clínico objetivo de los residentes durante su formación, lo que impide orientar su reciclaje formativo a solventar los déficits detectados. El script ...concordance test (SCT) evalúa el razonamiento clínico planteando situaciones clínicas reales, pero aún no ha sido utilizado en España con contenidos propios de Atención Primaria. Por ello consideramos relevante diseñar un SCT de Atención Primaria que cumpla los criterios de validez, fiabilidad y aceptabilidad descritos en la bibliografía.
Elaboración, corrección y validación de un SCT para evaluar el razonamiento clínico en Atención Primaria de los residentes y que incluya variables sociolaborales para estudiar su posible relación con la puntuación obtenida.
Nuestro cuestionario fue aprobado por un comité de expertos, alcanzó una fiabilidad y accesibilidad adecuadas, y distinguió a los expertos de los residentes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función de la edad, género, tipo y duración de la formación recibida en Atención Primaria, y la realización de un curso sobre dicha formación.
Se construyó un SCT que obtuvo la aprobación por parte de un comité de expertos, cumplió con los criterios de fiabilidad y accesibilidad, y permitió objetivar diferencias significativas en el razonamiento clínico de los expertos y residentes. Excepto en el 2.o año de residencia, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al año formativo dentro de la residencia, la edad, el género, la realización y duración de la rotación en Atención Primaria y la realización de un curso sobre dicha formación.
Actual unawareness about paediatric resident's residency program factual clinical reasoning precludes professional retraining directed to solve deficiencies. Script concordance test (SCT) evaluates clinical reasoning due to its orientation to usual clinical practice but surprisingly it has not been used in Spain for Paediatric Primary Care clinical reasoning evaluation so far. Due to this we consider to be of relevance to design a paediatric primary care SCT which meets validity, reliability and accessibility criteria described in bibliography.
Development, validation and application of an SCT questionnaire for clinical reasoning analysis in paediatric primary care applied on a population of paediatric residents and which includes demographic and employment data in order to study possible relationship between them and achieved scores.
Our SCT was approved by an experts committee. It met reliability and accessibility criteria and it allowed distinguishing experts from paediatric internal residents. No statistically significant differences were found concerning age, gender, type and duration of the training received in Primary Care, and the completion of a course on that training.
We developed an SCT that was approved by a Paediatric Experts Committee, it met reliability and accessibility criteria and it allowed distinguishing clinical reasoning from experts and paediatric internal residents. Except second year residency program, we did not objectified relevant differences in residency program year, age, gender, duration and realization of Paediatric Primary Care rotation, and training course realisation.
Reafirmando identidades Pereira Viana, Carlos Eduardo
Revista brasileira de segurança pública,
01/2022, Letnik:
16, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
No presente trabalho descrevo e analiso o debate sobre a posse de armas letais por agentes da Guarda Civil Municipal de Niterói. A partir do material construído com base na etnografia realizada, ...decidi por estabelecer uma análise da experiência em Niterói tomando como caso de contraste o processo de debate no Rio de Janeiro. A linha de indagação que guia este trabalho pode ser entendida como um olhar que tangencia as questões sobre o processo de militarização da instituição com a busca concomitante pelo “respeito” da população. Transformando o debate sobre o uso de armas letais pela Guarda como um fator determinante para, de um lado, fortalecer a identidade da Guarda como uma instituição civil, rompendo com os simbolismos e práticas militarizadas, e para, do outro lado, (re)construir a imagem no imaginário da população, desligando-se de uma identidade percebida e vivida pelos guardas como inferiorizada, ou, nas palavras deles, da imagem de “guardinhas”.
Surgical boot camps are becoming increasingly popular in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) residency programs. Despite pioneering virtual reality and simulation-based surgical education, ...these boot camps have lacked critical appraisal. The objective of this article was to examine the adoption and utility of surgical boot camps in OHNS residency training programs around the world.
Ovid Medline and PubMed databases were systematically searched in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews. Additionally, a grey literature search was performed.
Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed publications and grey literature sources that reported on OHNS boot camps for the novice learner. The search was restricted to human studies published in English. Studies were excluded if they were not examining junior trainees.
A total of 551 articles were identified. Following removal of duplicates, screening, and full text review, 16 articles were included for analysis. Seven major boot camps were identified across various academic sites in the world. Most boot camps were one-day intensive camps incorporating a mixture of didactic, skill specific, and simulation sessions using an array of task trainers and high-fidelity simulators focusing on OHNS emergencies. Studies measuring trainee outcomes demonstrated improvement in trainee confidence, immediate knowledge, and skill acquisition.
Surgical boot camps appear to be an effective tool for short term knowledge and skill acquisition. Further studies should examine retention of skill and maintenance of confidence over longer intervals, as little is known about these lasting effects.
Recently, a need has been recognized for pharmacists to be able to offer optimal prescriptions and practice pharmacotherapy in collaboration with other medical professionals. This paper reports on a ...practical training initiative and its associated challenges conducted at Osaka Prefecture Saiseikai Noe Hospital (hereinafter, “the hospital”). This initiative is an example of clinical education in medium-sized hospitals. The hospital was able to (1) include pharmacists in information-sharing programs with specialists, such as in a conference on cardiac failure, and in team-based care, such as in AST, RCT, and NST, to deal with eight typical diseases. It was also possible to (2) train pharmacists to interact with other medical professionals, exchanging opinions with doctors and nurses and playing an active role in the clinical environment in participatory and experiential training programs for outpatient care, within contexts such as emergency and cardiac outpatients. It is a particular challenge that pharmacists, despite playing a leading role, have few practical opportunities to receive the above education. Thus, in the physical assessment training course conducted in collaboration with Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, (3) the hospital aims to support training pharmacists to be able to use the physical examination of patients for pharmaceutical management and to employ pharmacotherapy proactively.
Response to sudden epidemic infectious disease emergencies can demand intensive and specialized training, as demonstrated in 2014 when Ebola virus disease (EVD) rapidly spread throughout West Africa. ...The medical community quickly became overwhelmed because of limited staff, supplies, and Ebola treatment units (ETUs). Because a mechanism to rapidly increase trained healthcare workers was needed, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed and implemented an introductory EVD safety training course to prepare US healthcare workers to work in West Africa ETUs. The goal was to teach principles and practices of safely providing patient care and was delivered through lectures, small-group breakout sessions, and practical exercises. During September 2014-March 2015, a total of 570 participants were trained during 16 course sessions. This course quickly increased the number of clinicians who could provide care in West Africa ETUs, showing the feasibility of rapidly developing and implementing training in response to a public health emergency.
Critical thinking is one of the most important elements in making the right decision in every profession. Evidence based practice shows potential to empower the critical thinking skills of ...practitioners. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of evidence-based information management and practice (EBIMP) training course on the promotion of medical librarians’ critical thinking. This study is a randomized double-blind educational trial in the form of a parallel trial. A sample of 60 librarians were recruited nationwide in the study through the volunteer enrollment to the evidence-based information management and practice training course. Intervention group received a 10-module virtual course focusing on evidence-based information management. But the control group received a basic course of evidence-based medicine. The courses were delivered through virtual learning system and data was collected through California Standard Critical Thinking Skills Questionnaire Form B (CCTST). Data were analyzed with Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA), Chi-square (χ²), Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levin tests, and t-test, using SPSS 25. The findings showed that the critical thinking skills of participants after training of the information management and evidence-based practice (EBIMP) had significant improvement in the intervention group compared with the control group regarding the “inference” (4.86 ± 1.94 vs 4.20 ± 1.32), “assessment” (7.90 ± 1.77 vs 5.90 ± 1.70), “Inductive reasoning” (8.67 ± 2.32 vs 6.37 ± 1.87), “deductive reasoning” (6.47 ± 2.04 vs 5.77 ± 1.97) subskills. Education of evidence-based information practice could be effective in promotion of critical thinking skills of medical librarians. This study suggests evidence-based information practice to be added to the curriculum of medical library and information science fields.
Trial registration: This study was registered with number 9000.1v1 in Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies (REES).
The article presents the structure of the e-learning course "Fundamentals of the methodology of the development of the electronic course in the field of medical education", which was developed to ...improve the skills of teachers of higher medical education in the introduction of distance learning due to COVID-19 pandemic in the world.
Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the undergraduate and postgraduate educational contents considered necessary by practicing registered dietitians (RDs) and comparing the responses elicited ...with reference to the timing of RDs' license acquisition.Method: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire-based survey was conducted in August 2017, targeting registered dietitians recruited by representatives of each occupational field belonging to the Japan Dietetic Association. In total, 202 valid responses were qualitatively analyzed.Results: The most common answers were as follows: in undergraduate education, "food preparation" is helpful for working in the field (27.2%), "academic papers and conference presentations" need to be taught more or are lacking (23.3%), and a "lack of group work" hampers improvements in the qualities or abilities of RDs or dietitians. In postgraduate education, many RDs are relearning "clinical nutrition" (21.7%). A comparison of differences in the timing of RDs' license acquisition showed that the responses "multidisciplinary collaboration" and "applied nutrition" were higher among those who acquired their license after 2006 (when the curriculum was revised after the revision of the Dietitian Act of 2000) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively).Conclusion: Many working RDs thought that there was a lack of "academic papers and conference presentations" and/or "group work" in undergraduate education. Working RDs who obtained their license after 2006 thought that "multidisciplinary collaboration" and "applied nutrition" are helpful in undergraduate education.
The effects of grazing or exercise in the middle of the fattening period on the growth and carcass traits of Japanese Shorthorn (JS) steers were investigated. JS steers were assigned to three groups: ...G (grazed), E (exercised), and B (barn-kept cattle). In the treatment period, group G was kept in the pasture, while groups B and E were confined to individual pens indoors at night, and stayed in a paddock during the day. In addition, group E was made to walk 4.0 km in the evening, five days a week. After the treatment, all the steers were housed and kept the same way as group B. The steers were slaughtered at 24 - 25 months of age. Group G exhibited a lower average daily gain (ADG) than groups B and E during the treatment period. Conversely, group G showed significantly higher ADG than the other two groups during the post-treatment period. Carcass weight for group G was smaller than those for the non-grazed counterparts. Groups G and E exhibited larger (p < 0.05) proportions of liver and spleen weights to live weight than those of group B. Group G also showed larger proportions of biceps femoris and quadriceps femoris muscles to carcass weight than those of group B. Group G exhibited a smaller ratio of fat and a larger ratio of muscle in the transverse section of the sixth rib, respectively, than those of group B. These results suggest that grazing or exercise in the middle of the fattening period affect growth in the late fattening period, and the carcass traits of JS steers even after being kept indoors for more than half a year.
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