Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk menerapkan teknologi traktor tangan bertenaga listrik yang dapat membantu meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas pada pengelolaan lahan pertanian. Metode yang ...digunakan adalah dengan melakukan fabrikasi komponen mekanik dan elektrik dari traktor tangan bertenaga listrik. Fabrikasi tersebut meliputi pembuatan komponen mekanis seperti frame, cage wheel, under cover, battery and controller cover, motor mount, dan leveler, serta pembuatan komponen electric power train seperti electric motor, controller, battery pack, dan sprocket serta chain. Pembuatan traktor tangan bertenaga listrik dilakukan di workshop mobil listrik Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), kemudian produk diuji coba di lahan pertanian yang ada di desa Wanar, Lamongan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa traktor tangan bertenaga listrik ini memiliki performa yang baik dan mampu menghemat biaya pengelolaan lahan pertanian dengan signifikan. Dengan menggunakan teknologi ini, petani dapat mengurangi biaya operasional seperti penggunaan bahan bakar, perawatan mesin, dan penggantian suku cadang. Oleh karena itu, disarankan untuk terus melakukan pengembangan dan penelitian lebih lanjut dalam penggunaan traktor tangan bertenaga listrik sebagai alternatif pengelolaan lahan pertanian yang efisien dan ramah lingkungan.
The paper presents the power and economic indicators of tractor diesel in the first place, which depends on the characteristics of the working process and, in particular, on the type of combustion ...chamber, fuel injection system. In the study of the working process of a diesel engine running on diesel fuel and on methanol with a separate feed, the necessary condition was the preservation of the same values of Ne for each studied load mode. Therefore, the primary goals of the research were to assess changes in the power and economic indicators of a diesel engine when operating on diesel fuel and methanol with a separate feed depending on the change in load.
Andisol merupakan tanah berbahan induk abu vulkan, umumnya gembur dan mudah diolah. Namun petani sayuran (terutama kentang) di Kecamatan Kayu Aro Barat, Kabupaten Kerinci mengolah tanah intensif ...menggunakan traktor. Hal ini dapat mempercepat penurunan kandungan bahan organik dan proses pemadatan tanah sehingga akan menurunkan infiltrasi dan produktivitas tanah. Penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi intensitas pengolahan tanah menggunakan traktor terhadap infiltrasi tanah Andisol dan produktivitas kentang di Desa Kebun Baru, Kecamatan Kayu Aro Barat. Penelitian berupa eksperimen menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan delapan perlakuan yaitu kombinasi intensitas pengolahan tanah dengan bajak (1, 2 dan 3 kali bajak menggunakan traktor) dengan pupuk kandang (5 dan 10 ton/ha), serta pengolahan tanah menggunakan cangkul. Setiap perlakukan diulang tiga kali (sebagai kelompok) pada petakan 6 m x 2 m pada lahan dengan kemiringan lereng 9%. Laju infiltrasi diukur dengan Double Ring Infiltrometer dan kapasitas infiltrasi diduga dengan Persamaan Horton. Data dianalisis dengan Uji-F dan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju dan kapasistas infiltrasi tanah serta produktivitas kentang pada lahan yang diolah dengan dua kali bajak relatif sama dengan di lahan yang diolah dengan dua kali pencangkulan, tetapi lebih baik dibandingkan dengan satu atau tiga kali bajak.
Today in our country and around the world much attention is paid to the environmental situation. Road transport plays a significant role in environmental pollution, especially air pollution. One of ...the most effective ways to reduce exhaust emissions is the use of alternative fuels, including those produced from renewable raw materials. Such fuels are methyl and ethyl alcohols, as well as emulsions based on them. The use of these fuels in spark-ignition engines has been used for a long time and has shown its effectiveness. At the same time, the question of the use of the above fuels in automobile and tractor diesels has not been studied. In addition to reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases at work of engines on alternative fuels, noted by most researchers, there is a need to further explore effective and economical indicators of the combustion process. The article presents a comparative analysis of the use of diesel fuel emulsions with methanol and ethanol and concludes on the effectiveness of the use of alcohols as an additive to diesel fuel.
Due to the depletion of oil fuel reserves, the deterioration of the environmental situation in many countries and the global problem of climate warming, there is a need to develop and use ...alternative, renewable fuels. In Kirov, at the Vyatka state agricultural academy, at the Department of thermal engines, automobiles and tractors, research on the use of alternative fuels has been conducted for many years. The article presents an analysis of the use of alcohol fuel (methanol) with a pilot portion of diesel fuel according to the economic and energy indicators of diesel 2CH 10.5/12.0 depending on the change in the speed of rotation of the crankshaft.
The results of the possibility of using methanol as an alternative fuel for tractor diesel engines are presented, as well as solving problems to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and other toxic ...components in exhaust gases. The most effective way to use methanol in internal combustion engines at present is to feed it directly into the cylinder of a diesel engine using a separate feed, which allows replacing up to 80% of oil fuel. The ignition of methanol in this case occurs due to the supply of a pilot portion of diesel fuel. This method, with some changes and additions to the design of a diesel engine, can be implemented on engines already in operation. Power and economic indicators, the content of toxic components in the exhaust gases when operating on diesel fuel and methanol with a separate feed, depending on the load change, were investigated and determined in detail. When replacing diesel fuel with methanol with a separate feed in a diesel engine, it is possible to achieve a 32% reduction in the content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases and 86% on soot.
Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui perubahan sifat fisika dan kimia tanah pada lahan kering akibat perlakuan bahan organik dan kapur dolomit. Metode yang digunakan adalah rancangan ...acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan 2 (dua) faktor yang terdiri dari kapur dolomit pada taraf 0 ton/ha, 0,8 ton/ha dan 1,6 ton/ha, dan bahan organik pada taraf 0 ton/ha, 6 ton/ha dan 12 ton/ha dengan 3 (tiga) kali pengulangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada perlakuan bahan organik mampu memperbaiki sifat fisika dan kimia tanah dimana stabilitas agregat, porositas total, C-organik dan pori drainase cepat menjadi meningkat serta mampu menurunkan bulk density dibandingkan dengan tanpa perlakuan bahan organik.CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL ON DRY LAND DUE TO ORGANIC MATERIALS AND DOLOMIT LIMEAbstract. This research was conducted to determine changes in physical and chemical properties of soil on dry land due to the application of organic matter and dolomite lime. This study used factorial randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 2 (two) factors, namely dolomite lime at levels 0, 0.8 and 1.6 tons/ha, while organic matter at levels 0, 6, and 12 tons/ha. with 3 (three) repetitions. The results showed that the organic matter treatment was able to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil in which the total porosity, aggregate stability, fast drainage pores and organic C were increased and were able to decrease the bulk density compared to without the addition of organic matter.
Heavy-duty trucks, in particular class 8 tractor-trailer combinations for freight, are a major contributor to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transportation systems worldwide. Diesel fuel ...vastly dominates this market due to its relatively low operating cost. However, both GHG and air pollutant emissions from diesel combustion are significant, which raises doubts about the long-term sustainability of this mode of transportation. A possible short-term opportunity to address this problem is to blend diesel with hydrogen by retrofitting existing fuel injection systems and fuel storage onboard the trucks. Thus, a life cycle assessment is conducted to evaluate the overall environmental and economic impacts of implementing hydrogen and diesel dual-fuel solutions in heavy-duty trucks. The results show a significant reduction in emissions, proportionally to the diesel displacement ratio. Importantly, the use of hydrogen fuel is also shown to provide potential cost savings in this highly cost-sensitive application for hydrogen pricing below C$4/kg. Hence, waste hydrogen available at low cost can facilitate immediate emission reduction and operational cost savings for existing truck fleets, and act as an economical bridge solution for sustainable heavy-duty freight.
•Trucks can be retrofitted for hydrogen/diesel dual-fuel operation at marginal cost.•Diesel displacement by hydrogen can drastically reduce GHG emissions from freight.•Waste hydrogen capture and use can also reduce operating cost compared to diesel.
The objective of the study is to analyze the dynamic linkages between technology factors and carbon emission in a panel of 26 selected European countries from 2000 to 2017. The results of the panel ...fixed-effect regression model show the monotonic increasing function between agriculture technology and carbon emissions. In contrast, panel quantile regression confirmed the inverted U-shaped ‘Agriculture Technology Kuznets curve (ATKC)’ of carbon emissions at 30th quantile distribution to 80th quantile distribution with the turning points of 12,60,000 tractors to 9,68,000 tractors, respectively. The results further exhibit the negative relationship between high-technology exports and carbon emissions, as high-technology exports have a positive impact on environmental quality in order to reduce carbon emissions across countries. The relationship between ICT goods exports and carbon emissions is complimentary, while R&D expenditures have a negative relationship with carbon emissions in a given period. The study substantiates the ‘pollution haven hypothesis (PHH)’ that is controlled by trade liberalization policies. The telephone and mobile penetrations have a differential impact on carbon emissions in both of the prescribed statistical techniques, which needs fair economic policies in order to delimit carbon emissions through green ICT infrastructure. The results further exhibit the ‘material footprint’ that is visible at the earlier stages of economic development while it is substantially decreasing at the later stages to verify ‘environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)’ hypothesis with a turning point of US$45,700. Finally, the study shows the positive relationship between industry value-added and carbon emissions that sabotaged the process of green development across countries. The study concludes that green ICT infrastructure is imperative for sustainable production and consumption, and climate change protection with cleaner production techniques and environmental regulations that reshape the international policies towards sustained growth.
An experimental and numerical study was performed to investigate the impact of Biodiesel B20 (blends 20% Rapeseed methyl ester with 80 % Diesel volumetric fraction) and different energetic fractions ...of hydrogen content (between 0 and 5%) on the mixture formation, combustion characteristics, engine performance and pollutant emissions formation. Experiments were carried out on a tractor Diesel engine, four-cylinders, four-stroke, 50 kW/2400 rpm, and direct injection. Simulations were conducted using the AVL codes (HYDSIM and BOOST 2013). Simulation results were validated against experimental data, by comparing the inline pressure, needle lift, in-cylinder pressure curves for Biodiesel B20 and pure Diesel fuels at 1400 rpm and 2400 rpm, respectively, under full load operating conditions. Good agreement with a maximum of 2.5% relative deviation on the peak results revealed that overall operation conditions Biodiesel B20 provides lower engine performance, efficiency, and emissions except the NOx which are slightly increased. The Biodiesel B20 has shorter ignition delay. By hydrogen addition to B20 with aspiration of the intake air flow the CO emissions, smoke, and total unburned hydrocarbon emissions THC decreased, while the NOx kept the same increasing trend for 1400 rpm and has not quite apparent trend for 2400 rpm. The enrichment by hydrogen of Diesel and B20 fuels has not a significant effect on ignition delay.
•Performance, combustion and emissions for Diesel and B20 fuels are emphasized.•Hydrogen addition in small amounts changes the engine emissions for both fuels.•The presence of hydrogen leaves unchanged the auto-ignition delay of the base fuels.
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