The continental Permian–Triassic transition in southern Europe presents little paleontological evidence of the Permian mass extinction and the subsequent faunal recovery during the early stages of ...the Triassic. New stratigraphic, sedimentological and paleontological analyses from Middle–Upper Permian to Lower–Middle Triassic deposits of the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Iberian Peninsula) allow to better constrain the Permian–Triassic succession in the Western Tethys basins, and provide new (bio-) chronologic data. For the first time, a large vertebra attributed to a caseid synapsid from the ?Middle Permian is reported from the Iberian Peninsula—one of the few reported from western Europe. Osteological and ichnological records from the Triassic Buntsandstein facies reveal a great tetrapod ichnodiversity, dominated by small to medium archosauromorphs and lepidosauromorphs (Rhynchosauroides cf. schochardti, R. isp. 1 and 2, Prorotodactylus–Rotodactylus), an undetermined Morphotype A and to a lesser degree large archosaurians (chirotheriids), overall suggesting a late Early Triassic–early Middle Triassic age. This is in agreement with recent palynological analyses in the Buntsandstein basal beds that identify different lycopod spores and other bisaccate and taeniate pollen types of late Olenekian age (Early Triassic). The Permian caseid vertebra was found in a playa-lake setting with a low influence of fluvial water channels and related to the distal parts of alluvial fans. In contrast, the Triassic Buntsandstein facies correspond to complex alluvial fan systems, dominated by high-energy channels and crevasse splay deposits, hence a faunal and environmental turnover is observed. The Pyrenean biostratigraphical data show similarities with those of the nearby Western Tethys basins, and can be tentatively correlated with North African and European basins. The Triassic Pyrenean fossil remains might rank among the oldest continental records of the Western Tethys, providing new keys to decipher the Triassic faunal biogeography and recovery.
•The Pyrenean Permian–Triassic boundary based on stratigraphical and paleontological data•First synapsid caseid fossil from the Middle Permian of the Iberian Peninsula•A diverse tetrapod ichnoassamblege from the late Early–early Middle Triassic
Alija Nametak and Almin Kaplan are two writers of Bosnian-Herzegovinian literature. Their prose work is defined by two separate historical periods. Alija Nametak`s prose originated in the 1930s, ...retaining a realistic poetic framework of storytelling and thematically entering into historical strife, folklore, and social relations amalgamated into the patriarchal way of life of Bosniak rural communities in Herzegovina. On the other hand, Almin Kaplan creates in the cultural climate of the first decades of the 21st century, combining poetic and prose expression in his literary work. Kaplan's literary world built on post-war actuality realistically depicts Bosnian society and convincingly portrays a man sandwiched between the magma of dreams and harsh reality, at the crossroads of personal and collective values, in a time of economic transition, unemployment, broken ethical values, and new globalist movements, but still burdened by the war trauma of the 1990s. Although they are separated by almost the whole century, Alija Nametak and Almin Kaplan can be connected by certain similarities that will be the backbone of this research: woven into the Herzegovinian ambiance with all its geographical, historical, social, and cultural conditions, both draw their literary motifs from the socio-cultural landscape of Herzegovina, which is a stage for small human stories and universal truths. The research corpus of this paper will be based on the novel Meho (2019) and the collection of short stories Dubravske priče (2020) by Almin Kaplan and several short stories from the collection Trava zaboravka (1966/1998) by Alija Nametak.
Pšenična trava predstavlja biljke pšenice u ranim stadijima uzgoja prije ulaska u fazu vlatanja. Zbog visoke koncentracije minerala, vitamina, enzima, klorofila i bioflavonoida, pšenična trava se ...koristi kao prirodni dodatak prehrani. Iako se može konzumirati u obliku praha i tableta, često se konzumira u obliku svježega soka, te ju stoga ljudi uzgajaju u kućanstvima. Veliki je problem u takvome uzgoju pojava i razvoj plijesni na supstratu i biljkama. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati razlike između površinske dezinfekcije sjemena te vrste i dezinfekcije podloge (bez podloge, kvarcni pijesak dezinficiran i nedezinficiran i Brillov supstrat dezinficiran i nedezinficiran) na pojavu plijesni, broj i masu biljaka (g) i količinu dobivenoga soka (ml) u dvije sorte pšenice (Ilirija i Katarina). Metode površinske dezinfekcije sjemena i dezinfekcije supstrata, koje su ispitivane u provedenome istraživanju, moguće je primijeniti u kućanstvu. Najveći broj biljaka i masa biljaka utvrđene su na Brill supstratu, neovisno o sorti. Između mase biljaka i količine dobivenoga soka utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija (r=0,98; p<0,01). Prosječna količina soka za sortu Iliriju bila je 7,85±2,93 ml, a za sortu Katarinu 5,08±2,21 ml. Najveća pojava i razvoj plijesni utvrđeni su pri uzgoju pšenične trave bez podloge. Na ispitivane parametre najveći utjecaj imali su sorta i podloga.
Wheatgrass represents wheat plants in the early stage of development, prior to the jointing stage. Due to its high concentration of minerals, vitamins, enzymes, chlorophyll, and bioflavonoids, wheatgrass is commonly used as a natural dietary supplement. Although it can be consumed in the form of powder or tablets, it is often consumed in the form of fresh juice, which is why wheatgrass is grown in households. The main problem in such cultivation is the occurrence of mildew on plants and substrate. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the differences in surface disinfection of seeds and the type and disinfection of substrate (no substrate, disinfected/non-disinfected quartz sand and disinfected/non-disinfected Brill substrate) on the incidence of mildew, the number of plants, plant weight (g) and the amount of juice obtained (ml) in two wheat cultivars (Ilirija and Katarina). The methods of seed-surface disinfection and substrate disinfection tested in this research can be applied in households. The highest number of plants per pot and highest average plant weight were determined on Brill substrate, regardless of wheat cultivar. A positive correlation was found between plant weight and the amount of juice obtained (r=0.98; p<0.01). An average amount of juice for cultivar Ilirija was 7.85±2.93 ml, while cultivar Katarina had an average of 5.08±2.21 ml of juice. The highest incidence of mildew was detected in wheatgrass cultivation without substrate. The obtained results indicate that the examined traits are under the strongest influence of cultivar and the type of substrate.
The municipality of Crna Trava is characterized by the most prominent demographic problems in the Republic of Serbia. The problem of depopulation and demographic aging of the population is one of the ...most important that Serbia faces and it represents one of the causes of regional inequalities. After the Second World War, the territory of the municipality of Crna Trava was affected by the great demogeographic changes that affected the transformation of this region. Demogeographic changes are clearly visible and are characterized by a decrease in the total population, population density and natural growth. As a consequence, there have been negative changes in the structural characteristics of the population. Depopulation is the dominant process, and the socio-economic situation in this municipality and the entire region does not provide opportunities for demographic and economic revitalization.
Od svibnja do listopada 2011. godine na području sjevernoistočne Slovenije (Rakičan, 46°65‘21‘‘ s.g.š., 16°19‘13‘‘ v.g.d., 188 m n.v.) izveli smo pokus u kojem smo istraživali značajke tri vrste ...trava i četiri mješavine trava na srednje intenzivno uzgojenom travnjaku poslije dvije godine rasta. Pokus je bio postavljen u rujnu 2009. godine po metodi slučajnog redosljeda pokusnih jedinica u četiri ponavljanja. Veličina osnovne pokusne jedinice bila je 10 m2. Količina sjemena za sjetvu bila je 250 kg na hektar. Pokus smo gnojili s 200 kg N na ha (u 7 prihrana), 60 kg P2O5 na ha i 120 kg K2O na ha. U pokusu smo ocjenjivali i određivali: boju travnjaka, brzinu rasta, prazna mjesta, gustoću trave, zakorovljenost, otpornost na sušu, otpornost na bolesti, utjacaj vremenskih uvjeta i prinos suhe tvari na ha pojedine mješavine. Analiza rezultata pokusa je pokazala da se mješavina trava 3, sastavljena od trstikaste vlasulje(Festuca arundinacea) – sorta ‚Arid 3‘ (50 %) i dvije sorte engleskog ljulja (Lolium perenne L.) – sorte ‚Panderosa‘ (25 %) i sorte ‚Mondial‘ (25 %) značajno isticala, po ocijenjenim parametrima od ostalih vrsta trava i mješavina trava iz pokusa
From May to October 2011, a field experiment was conducted in the north eastern Slovenia (Rakičan, 46°65’21’’ N, 16°19’13’’ E, 188 m s.l.), where we studied the properties of three grasses and four grass mixtures appropriate to create a medium- intensive ornamental lawn after the second year of growth. The experiment was designed in September 2009 as randomized blocks with four repetitions. The size of the basic plot was 10 square metres. For sowing 250 kg of seeds per hectare were used. The treatments were fertilized with 200 kg N ha -1 (in seven fertilizations), 60 kg P2O5 ha -1 and 120 kg K2O ha -1.In the experiment, we assessed and evaluated turf colour, growth rate, bare spots, turf density, weeds, drought resistance, and turf resistance to disease, the impact of weather conditions and dry matter yield of each mixture. The results obtained in the experiment indicated that the grass mixture No. 3, composed of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) – cv. ‘Arid 3 (50%) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) – cv. ‘Panderosa’ (25%) and cv. Mondial’ (25%), significantly differed from the remaining grasses and grass mixtures according to the observed parameters.
Grass swales and filter strips are among the simplest and most cost-effective form of stormwater control measures. Despite this, relatively few controlled studies have been undertaken to assess their ...performance, and very few models are available to predict their efficiency. This paper focuses on field performance of grass filters in removal of total suspended solids (TSS) from overland flow, and verification of TRAVA, a model of sediment behaviour in grass filters (published earlier in Deletic, A., 2001. Modelling of water and sediment transport over grassed areas. Journal of Hydrology 248, 168–182; Deletic, A., 2005. Sediment behaviour in runoff over grassed surfaces. Journal of Hydrology 301, 108–122). Limited nutrient removal data were collected, at one of the field sites. The paper presents results from controlled field tests undertaken on a grass filter strip in Aberdeen, Scotland, and a grass swale in Brisbane, Australia. In both studies TSS concentrations were recorded along the grass, for artificial inflow of water and sediment of different flow rates and sediment concentrations. In the Aberdeen study the emphasis was on performance in relation to different sediment particle sizes, while for the Brisbane swale, treatment performance for total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were also recorded. Both experimental programmes had an unsteady input of pollutants. The Aberdeen strip reduced sediment inflow concentrations by 61–86%, whilst the Brisbane swale removed an average of 69, 46, and 56% of the total loads of TSS, TP and TN, respectively. TRAVA was used to model both the strip and swale. For the Aberdeen strip, the differences between the measured and modelled sediment loading rates were within ±25% of measured. Modelled concentrations in outflow from the Brisbane swale were within ±17% of measured. The predicted mass of total sediment removed during experiments was within ±50% of measured for the Aberdeen strip and ±11% for the Brisbane swale. TRAVA is therefore shown to be a reliable tool for prediction of the performance of grass filters used for stormwater treatment.
Na sequência dos trabalhos de José Mattoso, os infanções foram sendo descritos como uma classe aristocrática heterogénea de terratenentes, que se encontrava na dependência da nobreza condal ou, pelo ...menos, num patamar secundário em relação a ela. Contudo, o levantamento das linhas familiares provenientes de Ero Fernandes permite discernir um parentesco claro com os Baião, uma das linhagens infancionais fundadoras da nobreza portuguesa, e com os Celanova e Trava-Trastâmara, representantes de uma aristocracia condal galego-portuguesa mais recente. Com efeito, importa não só analisar estes laços de parentesco e hierarquia interna da antiga nobreza portucalense (condal e infancional), como também relacionar o sentido ascendente do percurso dos Baião, Celanova e Trava-Trastâmara, com a paulatina decadência da velha aristocracia condal, reequacionando a situação histórica de Pedroso enquanto último capítulo deste grupo social.
Razvoj in uporaba agro-meteoroloških modelov sta pomembna za raziskave razvoja travne ruše in tudi za napovedovanje produktivnosti travne ruše ob različnih podnebnih danostih. V delu je predstavljen ...dinamičen model LINGRA, ki simulira rast travinja na osnovi procesov, ki se dogajajo v rastlini in upošteva, kako na te procese vplivajo okoljske razmere. Podane so glavne enačbe v pod-modelih LINGRA s katerimi računamo prestrezanje svetlobe, učinkovitost izrabe svetlobe, aktivnost vira in ponora, stopnjo razraščanja poganjkov, stopnjo pojavljanja listov, količino vode v tleh in evaporacijo. Model je dokaj enostaven za uporabo in če ga dobro umerimo, je uporaben za različne simulacije vpliva vremenskih in podnebnih razmer na pridelek trave, kar je uporabno pri sprejemanju raznih odločitev ali pri oceni tveganja rastlinske pridelave.
Grassed areas, such as grass filter strips (GFS) and grassed swales, have been used extensively for the protection of surface water against erosion and polluted runoffs. A mathematical model of ...sediment transport in runoff over grass has been developed, allowing an assessment of the sediment removal efficiency of GFS and swales for non-submerged flow conditions. The model is one-dimensional and simulates two main processes: (1) generation of runoff and (2) sediment transport. The modified Green–Ampt model is used for assessment of infiltration, while a kinematic wave model is used for simulation of overland flow. A transport equation is used for modelling of sediment movement through grass, where sediment deposition is assessed by the method developed at the University of Aberdeen. The model does not simulate particle trapping in a pond (which may develop upstream from a GFS), re-suspension of particles already deposited, or infiltration of particles into soil. For a known particle size distribution of inflow sediment, the model is capable of predicting the particle size distribution of the outflow sediment. The model was developed for modelling single rain events. However, it could be also applied for a sequence of rain events assuming that the initial soil wetness is constant. An example of model application in an urban area is presented in the paper, along with sensitivity analysis of the main model results.
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