The management of inflammatory bowel disease represents a key component of clinical practice for members of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG). There has been considerable progress in ...management strategies affecting all aspects of clinical care since the publication of previous BSG guidelines in 2004, necessitating the present revision.Key components of the present document worthy of attention as having been subject to re-assessment, and revision, and having direct impact on practice include:The data generated by the nationwide audits of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management in the UK in 2006, and 2008.The publication of ‘Quality Care: service standards for the healthcare of people with IBD’ in 2009.The introduction of the Montreal classification for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.The revision of recommendations for the use of immunosuppressive therapy.The detailed analysis, guidelines and recommendations for the safe and appropriate use of biological therapies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.The reassessment of the role of surgery in disease management, with emphasis on the importance of multi-disciplinary decision-making in complex cases.The availablity of new data on the role of reconstructive surgery in ulcerative colitis.The cross-referencing to revised guidelines for colonoscopic surveillance, for the management of metabolic bone disease, and for the care of children with inflammatory bowel disease.Use of the BSG discussion forum available on the BSG website to enable ongoing feedback on the published document http://www.bsg.org.uk/forum (accessed Oct 2010).The present document is intended primarily for the use of clinicians in the United Kingdom, and serves to replace the previous BSG guidelines in IBD, while complementing recent consensus statements published by the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) https://www.ecco-ibd.eu/index.php (accessed Oct 2010).
Heavenly mathematics Van Brummelen, Glen
2012., 20121223, 2012, 2013-01-01
eBook
Spherical trigonometry was at the heart of astronomy and ocean-going navigation for two millennia. The discipline was a mainstay of mathematics education for centuries, and it was a standard subject ...in high schools until the 1950s. Today, however, it is rarely taught.Heavenly Mathematicstraces the rich history of this forgotten art, revealing how the cultures of classical Greece, medieval Islam, and the modern West used spherical trigonometry to chart the heavens and the Earth. Glen Van Brummelen explores this exquisite branch of mathematics and its role in ancient astronomy, geography, and cartography; Islamic religious rituals; celestial navigation; polyhedra; stereographic projection; and more. He conveys the sheer beauty of spherical trigonometry, providing readers with a new appreciation for its elegant proofs and often surprising conclusions.
Heavenly Mathematicsis illustrated throughout with stunning historical images and informative drawings and diagrams that have been used to teach the subject in the past. This unique compendium also features easy-to-use appendixes as well as exercises at the end of each chapter that originally appeared in textbooks from the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries.
The Golden Triangle region that joins Burma, Thailand, and Laos is one of the global centers of opiate and methamphetamine production. Opportunistic Chinese businessmen and leaders of various armed ...groups are largely responsible for the manufacture of these drugs. The region is defined by the apparently conflicting parallel strands of criminality and efforts at state building, a tension embodied by a group of individuals who are simultaneously local political leaders, drug entrepreneurs, and members of heavily armed militias.
Ko-lin Chin, a Chinese American criminologist who was born and raised in Burma, conducted five hundred face-to-face interviews with poppy growers, drug dealers, drug users, armed group leaders, law-enforcement authorities, and other key informants in Burma, Thailand, and China.The Golden Triangleprovides a lively portrait of a region in constant transition, a place where political development is intimately linked to the vagaries of the global market in illicit drugs.
Chin explains the nature of opium growing, heroin and methamphetamine production, drug sales, and drug use. He also shows how government officials who live in these areas view themselves not as drug kingpins, but as people who are carrying the responsibility for local economic development on their shoulders.
Counting with Borel’s triangle Cai, Yue; Yan, Catherine
Discrete mathematics,
February 2019, 2019-02-00, Letnik:
342, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Borel’s triangle is an array of integers closely related to the classical Catalan numbers. In this paper we study combinatorial statistics counted by Borel’s triangle. We present various ...combinatorial interpretations of Borel’s triangle in terms of lattice paths, binary trees, and pattern avoiding permutations and matchings, and derive a functional equation that is useful in analyzing the involved structures.
Bat algorithm (BA) is a novel population-based evolutionary algorithm inspired by echolocation behavior. Due to its simple concept, BA has been widely applied to various engineering applications. As ...an optimization approach, the global search characteristics determine the optimization performance and convergence speed. In BA, the global search capability is dominated by the velocity updating. How to update the velocity of bats may seriously affect the performance of BA. In this paper, we propose a triangle-flipping strategy to update the velocity of bats. Three different triangle-flipping strategies with five different designs are introduced. The optimization performance is verified by CEC2013 benchmarks in those designs against the standard BA. Simulation results show that the hybrid triangle-flipping strategy is superior to other algorithms.
We study the mixed-criticality scheduling problem, where the goal is to schedule jobs with different criticality levels on a single machine. As shown by Dürr et al. (2018), the problem can be treated ...as a specific 1-dimensional triangle scheduling problem. In that paper a new Greedy algorithm was defined, and the authors proved that its approximation ratio lies between 1.05 and 3/2. In this paper we present a quadratic integer programming model, which can be used to computationally analyze the algorithm for inputs with small sizes. The model simulates the behavior of the algorithm and it compares the makespan with the optimal one. Using this model, we found sequences extendable to longer series, giving a lower bound of 1.27 for the Greedy algorithm. Also, the optimum on problem instances consisting of intervals of natural numbers is analyzed and a closed formula is determined. In this way, we detected two input classes where, in one of them, Greedy is far from optimal (we think that this could be the worst case), and in the other one it is optimal.
•A quadratic integer programming model for the analysis of a Greedy algorithm for triangle scheduling.•A new lower bound for the approximation ratio of the Greedy algorithm.•Analysis of the Greedy algorithm for instances consisting of intervals of natural numbers.
Visual cryptography encrypts the secret image into n shares (transparency) so that only stacking a qualified number of shares can recover the secret image by the human visual system while no ...information can be revealed without a large enough number of shares. This paper investigates the (k,n)-threshold Visual Secret Sharing (VSS) model, where one can decrypt the original image by stacking at least k shares and get nothing with less than k shares. There are two main approaches, which have been showed equivalent in some sense, in the literature: codebook-based schemes and random-grid-based schemes; the former is the case of this paper. In general, given any positive integers k and n, it is not easy to design a valid scheme for the (k,n)-threshold VSS model. In this paper, we propose a simple strategy to construct an efficient scheme for the (k,n)-threshold VSS model for any positive integers 2≤k≤n. The crucial idea is to establish a seemingly unrelated connection between the (k,n)-threshold VSS scheme and a mathematical structure — the generalized Pascal’s triangle. This paper improves and extends previous results in four aspects:
• Our construction offers a unified viewpoint and covers several known results.
• The resulting scheme has a progressive-viewing property that means the more shares being stacked together the clearer the secret image would be revealed.
• The proposed scheme can be constructed explicitly and efficiently based on the generalized Pascal’s triangle without a computer.
• Performance of the proposed scheme is comparable with known results.
Given an edge-weighted metric complete graph with n vertices, the maximum weight metric triangle packing problem is to find a set of n/3 vertex-disjoint triangles with the total weight of all ...triangles in the packing maximized. Several simple methods can lead to a 2/3-approximation ratio. However, this barrier is not easy to break. Chen et al. proposed a randomized approximation algorithm with an expected ratio of (0.66768−ε) for any constant ε>0. In this paper, we improve the approximation ratio to (0.66835−ε). Furthermore, we can derandomize our algorithm.
Beginning in the 1950s, a group of academics, businesspeople, and politicians set out on an ambitious project to remake North Carolina's low-wage economy. They pitched the universities of Raleigh, ...Durham, and Chapel Hill as the kernel of a tech hub, Research Triangle Park, which would lure a new class of highly educated workers. In the process, they created a blueprint for what would become known as the knowledge economy: a future built on intellectual labor and the production of intellectual property. In Brain Magnet, Alex Sayf Cummings reveals the significance of Research Triangle Park to the emergence of the high-tech economy in a postindustrial United States. She analyzes the use of ideas of culture and creativity to fuel economic development, how workers experienced life in the Triangle, and the role of the federal government in bringing the modern technology industry into being. As Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill were transformed by high-tech development, the old South gave way to a distinctly new one, which welded the intellectual power of universities to a vision of the suburban good life. Cummings pinpoints how the story of the Research Triangle sheds new light on the origins of today's urban landscape, in which innovation, as exemplified by the tech industry, is lauded as the engine of economic growth against a backdrop of gentrification and inequality. Placing the knowledge economy in a broader cultural and intellectual context, Brain Magnet offers vital insight into how tech-driven development occurs and the people and places left in its wake.
The mastoid, bi-mastoid and occipital triangles at the base of the skull are known to be good indicators of sexual dimorphism. However, few studies assess age and sex in the subadult group. ...Therefore, the aim was to determine the age and sex of the human crania from a South African (KZN) Black population utilizing the triangles of the base of the skull of individuals between 0 and 18 years. The sample consisted of 64 computed tomography (CT) scans (32 male and 32 female) between 0 and 18 years of age. Three-dimensional reconstructed images and CT images were analysed using SLICER 3D. The following linear parameters were measured: the mastoidale - porion; porion - asterion; mastoidale - asterion; left mastoidale - opisthion; right mastoidale - opisthion; right mastoidale - left mastoidale; left asterion - lambda; right asterion - lambda; left asterion - right asterion. The study found that the mastoid, bi-mastoid and occipital triangles are good indicators for sexual dimorphism between the ages of 0–18 years. However, the mean values of the total area were higher in males than females. When comparing laterality, the right side of the mastoid triangle was more significant than the left (p-value=0.016), with the length of the mastoidale-porion being the only significant linear measurement. Results show that the linear measurement mastoidale-porion is highly correlated to age, with mean values of r = 0.87 and 0.88 for the left and right sides, respectively. Age is a confounding factor in sexual dimorphism. Additionally, the mastoid triangle is more accurate in age estimation.
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