According to Dockry et al., informal relationships can be built by: a) writing a letter to the tribal government explaining a project proposal and asking for tribal input. b) holding an open public ...meeting and sending an invitation to tribal natural resource departments. c) attending a tribal community event like a feast, pow wow, or school science fair. 3.Scouse et al. found the benefit of combining American Community Survey Public Micro-data Samples with input-output analysis is to: a) better quantify the supply-chain relationships between industries. b) increase resolution at the household level of the social-accounting matrix. c) describe how individual earnings compare to household earnings. 7.According to Nowak and Greenfield, the states with the greatest amount of urban/community land are: a) Texas, California, Florida, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. b) New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Maryland. c) Alaska, California, Texas, Florida, and Arizona. 9.
Urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to sudden flooding disasters caused by intense rainfall and high imperviousness degree, resulting in great economic losses and human casualties. Interactions ...between rainfall data and urban catchment characteristics highlight the urgent need of accurate and effective precipitation data to apply in reliable hydrological simulations. However, it remains a challenge to obtain accurate rainfall datasets on such small scales in urban areas. As satellite remote sensing is the only method that can achieve global observation, it is important to evaluate satellite precipitation products in their ability to accurately capture intense precipitation on urban flood scales. This study evaluates the performance of the latest version 06B (V06B) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) in North China Plain, with using the Radar-Gauge merged precipitation estimates as reference data. First, it could be concluded that IMERG fails to accurately estimate precipitation in the whole study area, having the problem of overestimating light precipitation and underestimating heavy precipitation. Second, results show that IMERG has poor ability to capture heavy precipitation on small scales, with the percentage of Hit nearly 0 and the percentage of Miss higher than 40 % for all the precipitation cases. Third, with the expansion of heavy precipitation centers' coverage, the problem of IMERG not to detect heavy precipitation gets mitigated, with the percentage of Miss decreasing by 14 % (19 %). However, the ability to capture both spatial location and precipitation intensity is still not good, the percentage of Hit ranging from 0.05 % to 7 %, without obvious improvement. When IMERG is able to capture the center of strong precipitation, it also tends to overestimate the weak precipitation around the center of strong precipitation. Results of this study provide an improved understanding of how well the V06B IMERG products capture the heavy precipitation center at small scales in urban areas, which will be useful for both developers and users of IMERG.
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•IMERG can capture spatial distribution of precipitation on a large spatial scale•IMERG has poor ability to detect heavy precipitation at small scales•When the coverage of heavy precipitation expands, the performance of IMERG to capture heavy precipitation gets improved•IMERG tends to overestimate the weak precipitation around the center of strong precipitation
The article is devoted consideration of the processes of ecologization of urbanized territories. The author notes that urbanization has caused many environmental problems, among which the ...vulnerability of urban systems and the low level of environmental quality can be noted. In the modern Russian Federation, 75% of the total population of the country lives in urban areas. The features of the development of modern urbanized territories, leading to environmental pollution and further degradation, are highlighted. Improving the system of green spaces, based on urban zoning, soil conditions, climatic features, can significantly improve the ecological situation in the urban environment. It is noted that urban ecology leads to an increase in the quality of life of the population living in these territories through the greening of urban landscapes, approaching the natural environment, phytomelioration , and the formation of an attractive image of the city. Some physiological and ecological features of green spaces, which determine their important role in the greening of urban areas, have been studied. Plant species that are most suitable for landscaping urban areas in modern conditions are proposed. It is also noted that the growth of the ecological and economic competitiveness of the territory based on the use of an environmentally sound approach in the creation and operation of urban green spaces can cause an increase in revenues to the municipal budget.
The quantitative identification and trade-off/synergy analysis of land use functions (LUFs) form the foundation of territory spatial planning and management. However, the application of ...trade-offs/synergies in LUF changes to territory spatial zoning remains understudied. In this study, with Hangzhou city in eastern China as a case study area, a series of geospatial models and multisource data were used to quantify LUFs at grid scale over a long time series. The normalized revealed comparative advantage index model was utilized to identify the dominant functions of territory space. Then, Pearson correlation analysis was employed to reveal the spatial and temporal patterns of LUF trade-offs/synergies. Finally, based on quantitative LUFs and their trade-offs/synergies, this study proposed a new spatial functional zoning scheme and targeted management measures to improve territory spatial zoning management. The results showed that during 2000 and 2018, production and ecological functions improved in the western mountainous areas and declined in the eastern plains, while living function significantly improved obviously in the eastern plains of Hangzhou City. The distributions of agricultural, urban and ecological dominant functional areas exhibited obvious regional differences. Among the three LUFs, the trade-off relationship dominated their interactive relationships, trade-off areas for production and living, and for living and ecological function changes mainly occurred in peri-urban areas, while trade-off areas for production and ecological function changes were distributed in the eastern outer suburbs and western valley of Hangzhou City. Based on the dominant functions and trade-offs/synergies of LUF changes, ten types of grid-scale territory spatial functional zones and five types of town-scale major functional zones were divided to optimize and control territory spatial patterns. In general, the proposed zoning scheme contributes to addressing LUF conflicts and building a territory spatial pattern with coordination development of agriculture, urban and ecology.
•We analyzed the changes and trade-offs/synergies among land use functions (LUFs) during 2000 and 2018 at grid scale.•We identified the dominant functions of territorial space using normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) index.•We developed a territory spatial functional zoning scheme by combining the dominant functions and LUF trade-offs.
Hot summers in the subtropics cause thermal discomfort, which is intensified by the urban heat island effect in heavily built-up areas. Use of urban greenery has been proposed as a mechanism for ...microclimate regulation. In this study, the microclimatic effect of urban trees was investigated in the context of high-density cities in subtropical hot and humid climates. Measurements were conducted in urban areas with sky view factors (SVF) ranging from 0.2 to 0.8, and mean radiant temperatures were calculated. The measurements show that the effects of urban trees are related to SVF and that the impact of building morphology is more evident under cloudy conditions than under sunny conditions. In heavily built-up areas, the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) was reduced to a comfortable level (33 °C) by roadside trees in the early afternoon. Simulation results indicate that roadside trees reduce the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) to 29 °C in urban areas with SVFs of 0.2 under cloudy conditions. The SVF-oriented planning method was tested using the existing building geometry of two high-density districts of Hong Kong, Mong Kok and Sham Shui Po, and site-specific design strategies for tree planting were developed. The study results show that a comfortable microclimate can be provided by roadside trees in heavily built-up urban environments in subtropical cities for nearly 70% of the summer. Design suggestions for refining the Green Master Plans of Hong Kong in future planning are provided.
•The thermal effects of urban trees are related to the sky view factor.•Impact of urban morphology on tree effects is more evident in cloudy conditions.•Trees in areas with low sky view factors provide comfortable microclimates.•Site-level planning should consider subtropical sun angle and areal wind direction.
El primer impulso oficial fue subestimarlo todo. El paso virulento y mórbidamente incontenible del COVID 19 en los países del norte en los primeros días de Marzo, resonaba aquí en los contextos del ...sur – la periferia del capitalismo – como el eco de una realidad tan lejana que mal llegaría a tocar suelo comunitario.
A Ghanaian twist to urban sprawl Cobbinah, Patrick Brandful; Aboagye, Honorata Nsomah
Land use policy,
February 2017, 2017-02-00, 20170201, Letnik:
61
Journal Article
Recenzirano
•This paper appraises urban sprawl in Ghana.•Findings indicate that urban sprawl in Ejisu has spatial and aspatial characteristics.•Urban sprawl is occurring in the absence of basic infrastructure ...services.•Urban sprawl has become an extra burden on planning agencies faced with limited capacity.
With its inception in urban studies in the 1930s, the notion of urban sprawl was institutionalised and globalised. However, urban sprawl research has mostly focused on developed countries compared with the situation in African countries. To address part of this gap, this paper appraises urban sprawl in Ghana, using Ejisu a peri-urban area of Kumasi as a case study in order to understand its characteristics, causes and effects on urbanites and urban functionality. Household and physical surveys, agency interviews and document reviews were used. Findings indicate that urban sprawl in Ejisu has spatial and aspatial characteristics, and is occurring in the absence of basic infrastructure services such as water and sanitation, and has become an extra yoke on urban planning agencies who are already faced with limited personnel and logistical capacity.
Abstract With the EU’s goal of climate neutrality by 2050, urban areas should move towards Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) as powerful ecosystems of balanced energy. The aim of this research is to ...present the methodology that facilitates the implementation of technical and social innovations, designed and implemented through co-creation, specifically for the neighbourhoods of Pamplona (Spain) in the framework of the project “oPEN Lab” on the way to PEN and based on a local Living Lab (LL). This project is a positive consequence of the evolution and achievements in urban, energy and mobility city planning made possible by the methodology, solutions and actions presented in the context of research and innovation projects such as STARDUST and Efidistrict Fwd.
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