Belfasti Queens University vanemlektori Jasna Mariotti ja Tartu Űlikooli inimgeograafia kaasprofessori Kadri Leetmaa koostatud raamat Urban Planning During Socialism: Views from the Periphery ...(„Linnaplaneerimine sotsialismi ajal: vaated perifeeriast") vaatleb sotsialistliku maailma perifeeriat nii geograafilises kui ka uurimisainese mottes, tuues esile kohad vôi teemad, mis alates 19. sajandi keskpaigast kehtinud stiilikeskses arhitektuuriajaloo kirjutuses on tembeldatud marginaalseks. Sotsialistlik maailm tähistab siinjuures Noukogude Liitu ja tema mojusfääris asunud Ida-Euroopa riike, geograafilises mottes kaugemale ei minda, enamik artikleid on konkreetse linna pðhised ehk ühegi nn perifeerse teema avaldumist ei vaadelda riikideüleselt - laiem probleem tañases arhitektuurihistoriograafias, mida püüavad leevendada üleskutsed nn horisontaalse kunstiajalookirjutuse poole, kus körvutataks perifeeriaid omavahel.1 Raamat „Linnaplaneerimine sotsialismi ajal" täiendab tänaseks juba üsna mahukat teisele maailmale keskendunud arhitektuuriajaloo alast uurimust, mis vallandus peale kommunistliku bloki kokkuvarisemist 1990. aastatel ja terve plejaadi endistest sotsialismimaadest pärit arhitektuuriteadlaste esile kerkimist, kes lääne ülikoolidesse asununa seda teemat rahvusvahelisel tasandil veavad (loomulikult mitte ainsatena). Nii kirjutab Epp Lankots puhkealade planeerimisest modernistlikus linnas ja Suur-Tallinna planeeringust (1961), millega nähti ette linna ümbritsev rohevöönd, peatselt muutus nn rohevörgustik linnaplaneerimise normatiivseks osaks. Ta seostab söjaeelsete nôukogude keskkonnateadlaste ning linnaplaneerijate tőid, mis ladusid pöhja modernistlikule looduse ja inimese käsitlusele: loodust nähakse kontrollitud, terapeutilise keskkonnana, kus toimib teaduse, élu ja looduse materiaalne süntees, millele annab kuju arhitektuur. i960, aastate sula ja ühiskonna demokratiseerumine toi kaasa keskkonnateadlikkuse kasvu, mille üheks vâljenduseks arhitektuuris olid orgaanilise vormi otsingud ning arusaam linnast kui orgaaniliselt arenevast süsteemist, mitte löpmatult laienevast kogumist.8 Märgiline on uute inimasustuse viisidega tegelev arhitektuurirühmitus NER, mille liikmed nägid juba i960, aastate alguses vaimusilmas tulevast kommunistlikku postindustriaalset linna ja asumisühikut, mille keskmes on puhkamine. Pantelejeva vaatleb NER-i visioone - mida muide on hiljutises arhitektuuriuurimuses tehnoutopismi vötmes üsna paiju käsitletud9 - aga ökoloogilisest vaatenurgast, kus tehnoloogia ja looduse sümbioos kasvab välja looduslikest vormidest ja protsessidest ning linna kasvule seatakse piirid. NER-i Milano triennaali jaoks valminud biourbanistliku maketi (1968) plastiline voolav vorm pakkus välja avaliku
In response to the United Nations' call to build a sustainable and age‐friendly society, older adults' public health, normally measured by functional capacity, has been of increasing concern on a ...global scale. The built environment is closely intertwined with the functional capacity of older adults, as evidenced by extensive studies. However, most studies have focused on exploring linear relationships between the built environment and functional capability yet overlooking non‐linear relationships. This study aims to investigate non‐linear relationships between the built environment and older adults' functional capability. Therefore, this study conducted in 2018 adopts a generalized additive mixed model based on a sample of 1083 participants in a typical aging society of Hong Kong. The results discover improved functional capability among older adults who are younger, female, living with family members, with a longer care cycle and fewer comorbidities. The results also support non‐linear relationships between the built environment and older adults' functional capability. The optimal functional capability of older Hong Kong adults was found under a specific threshold of built environment factors, such as park density with a desirable number of 5 ± 2, intersection density with a maximal threshold of 200, the highest sky view percentage possibly, and land‐use diversity with a minimum threshold of 0.6 for entropy index. The study is of value for relevant stakeholders and policymakers to implement sustainable and age‐friendly urban planning for the built environment for facilitating older adults' public health.
•Contact with nature positively contributes to the health of people.•For the design of healthy cities, empirically substantiated metrics are required.•Type of nature, size, distance and quality are ...discussed.•Cumulative opportunities-based indicators of urban green space seem preferable.•For future research, more functionally oriented accessibility indicators are needed.
There is growing scientific recognition that contact with nature in general, and contact with urban green more specific, have the potential to positively contribute to human health. For the purpose of developing healthy urban neighbourhoods, this raises the question how to take scientific evidence about these health benefits into account. Accessibility metrics that are well substantiated by empirical evidence are needed. This paper reviews the quantitative and qualitative aspects relevant for accessibility metrics and empirical studies addressing these aspects in relation to health. Studies comparing different types of green space indicators suggest that cumulative opportunities indicators are more consistently positively related to health than residential proximity ones. In contrast to residential proximity indicators, cumulative opportunities indicators take all the green space within a certain distance into account. Comparing results across studies proved to be hard. Green space accessibility was measured in a variety of ways and the green space indicator that was chosen was often not problematized. We feel that it is time for a more function-oriented approach. How precisely does contact with nature impact health and what type and qualities are relevant in this regard? We think this will lead to a new generation of more evidence-based accessibility metrics that will help to advance the field.
•Street-level imagery became ingrained as an important urban data source.•Most comprehensive review on street view imagery in geospatial and urban studies.•We have screened 619 papers to identify the ...state of the art, focusing on applications.•250 studies are classified into 10 application domains and span dozens of use cases.
Street view imagery has rapidly ascended as an important data source for geospatial data collection and urban analytics, deriving insights and supporting informed decisions. Such surge has been mainly catalysed by the proliferation of large-scale imagery platforms, advances in computer vision and machine learning, and availability of computing resources. We screened more than 600 recent papers to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the state of the art of how street-level imagery is currently used in studies pertaining to the built environment. The main findings are that: (i) street view imagery is now clearly an entrenched component of urban analytics and GIScience; (ii) most of the research relies on data from Google Street View; and (iii) it is used across myriads of domains with numerous applications – ranging from analysing vegetation and transportation to health and socio-economic studies. A notable trend is crowdsourced street view imagery, facilitated by services such as Mapillary and KartaView, in some cases furthering geographical coverage and temporal granularity, at a permissive licence.
The article presents an analysis of the development of the Lviv tram network from the end of the XIXth century till nowadays and for the near future. The stages of construction of tram depots and ...development of tram lines in the context of the city territory servicing, their changes, and connection with the configuration of the city street network are shown. City planning approaches to further development of the tram network infrastructure are presented.
This review examines different ways that contact with nature can contribute to the health and well-being of children. Applying the capabilities approach to human development for a broad definition of ...well-being, it traces research from the 1970s to the present, following shifting research approaches that investigate different dimensions of health. A compelling body of evidence exists that trees and natural areas are essential elements of healthy communities for children. They need to be integrated at multiple scales, from landscaping around homes, schools, and childcare centers, to linked systems of urban trails, greenways, parks, and “rough ground” for children’s creative play.
•Urban green space promotes physical activity and public health.•Many US minority communities lack green space access, an environmental injustice.•US and Chinese cities have developed innovative ways ...to create new green space.•Urban greening can, however, create paradoxical effects such as gentrification.•Urban green space projects need more integrative sustainability policies to protect communities.
Urban green space, such as parks, forests, green roofs, streams, and community gardens, provides critical ecosystem services. Green space also promotes physical activity, psychological well-being, and the general public health of urban residents. This paper reviews the Anglo-American literature on urban green space, especially parks, and compares efforts to green US and Chinese cities. Most studies reveal that the distribution of such space often disproportionately benefits predominantly White and more affluent communities. Access to green space is therefore increasingly recognized as an environmental justice issue. Many US cities have implemented strategies to increase the supply of urban green space, especially in park-poor neighborhoods. Strategies include greening of remnant urban land and reuse of obsolete or underutilized transportation infrastructure. Similar strategies are being employed in Chinese cities where there is more state control of land supply but similar market incentives for urban greening. In both contexts, however, urban green space strategies may be paradoxical: while the creation of new green space to address environmental justice problems can make neighborhoods healthier and more esthetically attractive, it also can increase housing costs and property values. Ultimately, this can lead to gentrification and a displacement of the very residents the green space strategies were designed to benefit. Urban planners, designers, and ecologists, therefore, need to focus on urban green space strategies that are ‘just green enough’ and that explicitly protect social as well as ecological sustainability.
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