Proizvodi hrvatskog vinarstva i
vinogradarstva postali su vremenom perjanice
hrvatskog turizma, neizostavni dio turističke
ponude. Jedan od najpoznatijih i najboljih
poznavatelja hrvatskog vinarstva ...i vinogradarstva,
g. Ivan Sokolić piše o mogućnostima Hrvatske
da njezini proizvodi iz područja vinogradarstva i
vinarstva dostignu viši stupanj europske kvalitete,
pa i šire od toga, kako bi u budućnosti postali i
trajno ostali nezaobilazni dio hrvatske turističke
ponude. Osim kraćeg povijesnog uvoda, g. Sokolić
jasnim ali stručnim jezikom izlaže svoja stajališta,
informira, objašnjava, podučava. Redakcija ATN-a
zahvaljuje cijenjenom g. Sokoliću na ovom
prilogu, spremnosti s kojom je odlučio pozitivno
odgovoriti na našu molbu, čime je nesumnjivo
obogatio naš časopis.
Na Kranjskem je v letih 1766 do 1787 deloval kot zdravnik, naravoslovec, narodopisec in gornik Baltasar Hacquet. V letih 1778–1789 je izdal štiri zvezke, v katerih opisuje zemljepis in tudi vinsko ...kulturo vojvodine Kranjske, Istre in delov sosednjih dežel.
»Škarje« (škropilnica) za škropljenje trt iz konca 19., začetk 20. stoletja, ki jih hrani Vinko Mirtek st., vinogradnik iz Trške gore. Proizvajalec »škarij« na desni je Brevete Candeo. Leta 1899 so ...jih oglaševali tudi v časopisu Dolenjske novice (št.10, XV.letnik).
»Učitelj slovenskih vinogradnikov« in človek širokega duha. Prebivalcem Planine, Vipave in Šentvida, današnjega Podnanosa, kjer je služboval kot duhovnik, je priskrbel izobrazbo in zdravstveno nego ...ter omogočil gospodarski napredek. Upravičeno ga lahko štejemo med najbolj plodne slovenske strokovne pisce s področja kmetijstva in zlasti vinarstva v 19. stoletju. Bil je izjemno napreden in razgledan glede dosežkov tedanjih kmetijskih in naravoslovnih znanosti, potoval je po domačih in tujih deželah, sledil novim izsledkom in spodbujal vinogradnike, da bi mu sledili. Učil se je na lastnih izkušnjah, strokovne postopke je znanstveno obdelal in opisal. Večina njegovih nasvetov ima uporabno vrednost še danes. S svojo vsestransko dejavnostjo in svojimi izvirnimi pobudami je presegal okolje, v katerem je deloval in delovno področje dušnopastirske službe. Vertovec je vzor narodnega delavca, ki je široko znanje združeval z domoljubno vnemo. Razsvetljevanje in izobraževanje ljudi z zgledom, živo in pisano besedo je bilo gibalo vsega njegovega delovanja. Iz skrbi za slovenskega človeka je zraslo njegovo delo, ki je imelo namen pomagati ljudem, da bi napredovali in si gospodarsko opomogli, s čimer je trajno prispeval v zakladnico slovenske kulture.
Franc Anton Breckerfeld je v poročilu o dolenjskem vinogradništvu leta 1780 predlagal, naj se ne bi trgalo vse grozdje hkrati, kot je zapisano v gorskih bukvah, temveč naj se čas trgatve prilagodi ...posameznim sortam.
Knjiga obsega 22 poglavij, v katerih predstavlja trsni sortiment (prvič je omenjen avtohtoni vipavski zelén), opisuje sajenje trt, obrezovanje in vezanje, okopavanje, trebljenje poganjkov, vzgojo, ...gnojenje, cepljenje in razmnoževanje trt v vinogradu (grobenčanje), trgatev in predelavo grozdja v vino, vinsko vretje in različne načine naprave za vino, razlaga fiziološke in kemične procese v zvezi z njim in navaja izkušnje drugih narodov. Vinogradništvo obravnava z velikim čutom za preprostega vinogradnika in mu nazorno pojasnjuje, kako naj s svojim delom doseže najboljši pridelek.
U radu se analizira značenje prava industrijskog vlasništva i konkurentnosti podsektora vinarstva u četiri regije koje se koje se bave proizvodnjom vina, kako bi se prikazalo geografsko podrijetlo ...kao snažna marketinška strategija za konkurentnost. U makedonskom poljoprivrednom sektoru vrlo je niska svijest o ekonomskim pogodnostima koje donosi pravo industrijskog vlasništva. Makedonija ima konkurentan vinarski sektor, što proizlazi iz čimbenika uvjeta, posebice tradicije, geografskih i klimatskih uvjeta (Balassa index 3.83). Nažalost, glavnina vina se izvozi (87%). Posljedice zanemarivanja pravne zaštite u smislu prava industrijskog vlasništva mogle bi dovesti proizvođače do gubljenja pozicija na tržištu ili neuspješne promocije i izvozne orijentacije proizvoda.
Senzorne karakteristike vina Plavca malog često uključuju negativna svojstva gorčine okusa i
astrigentnosti nezrelih tanina što je dijelom posljedica pogrešnog roka berbe grožđa. S
tehnološkog ...stajališta, sastav bobica u trenutku berbe od presudne je važnosti za
proizvodnju visokokvalitetnih crnih vina. Tradicionalno odluka o berbi se donosi na temelju
sadržaja šećera, ukupnih kiselina i pH-vrijednosti, a koji ukazuju samo na stupanj zrelosti
pulpe (tehnološka zrelost), dok nam stupanj zrelosti kožice i sjemenki (fenolna zrelost) ostaje
nepoznat. Grožđe ubrano temeljem osnovnih parametara ne garantira fenolnu dozrelost pa
takva vina mogu imati loša senzorna svojstva. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio procijeniti zrelost
grožđa sorte Plavac mali kvantifikacijom osnovnih fizikalno-kemijskih i polifenolnih spojeva u
moštu i vinu. Grožđe je ubrano u četiri različita roka na dvije različite lokacije pri sadržaju
šećera od 17,6 do 21,40 °Brix, a što odgovara vinima sa 9,30 do 12,98 vol. % alkohola.
Polifenolni spojevi su analizirani spektrofotometrijskim i kromatografskim analitičkim
metodama, a intenzitet boje bobica je utvrđen koristeći nedestruktivni CIELab kolorimetrijski
pristup. Identifikacija i kvantifikacija polifenolnih spojeva ekstrakata grožđa (kožice i
sjemenki) i vina je provedena tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti HPLC-DAD.
Značajnost razlika u sastavu i koncentraciji pojedinih spojeva tijekom četiri roka berbe na
dvije lokacije je testirana dvosmjernom analizom varijance. Rezultati su pokazali da
dozrijevanjem grožđa raste udio ukupnih i pojedinačnih antocijana i flavonola, a smanjuje se
udio monomernih i dimernih flavan-3-ola u kožici. Udio monomernih flavan-3-ola u
sjemenkama se smanjuje, dok udio dimernih spojeva ostaje stabilan neovisno o roku berbe.
Odgoda roka berbe ima značajan utjecaj na polifenolni sastav vina, grožđe ranijih rokova
berbe daje vina siromašna tvarima boje, antocijanima i flavonolima, s visokim udjelom
procijanidin monomernih i dimernih flavan-3-ola. Vina kasnijih rokova berbe su bolje obojena
uslijed veće koncentracije antocijana i flavonola te sadrže veći udio prodelfinidin naspram
procijanidin monomernih jedinica i nižu koncentraciju dimernih flavan-3-ola. Dobiveni rezultati
pokazali su mogućnost procjene zrelosti grožđa preko vanjskih karakteristika, kao što su boja
kožice bobica i sjemenki. Definirani su metaboliti koji najznačajnije utječu na razlike u
sastavu grožđa i vina između četiri različita roka berbe. Obzirom na povezanost vanjskih
svojstava kožice i sjemenke te kemijskih spojeva izrađena je vizualizacija tonske gradacije
boje sjemenki i kožica bobice tijekom četiri različita roka berbe, a koja predstavlja kvalitetni
indikator dozrelosti grožđa Plavca malog.
Plavac Mali is major red grapevine of the Croatian wine industry. The sensory characteristics
of Plavac Mali wine often include negative sensations of bitter taste and astringency of
immature tannins, which is partly due to the wrong date of grape harvest. From a
technological point of view, the composition of berries at the harvest is essential for
production of high quality red wines. Traditionally the decision about harvest was taken
based on sugar content, titratable acidity, and pH that only provide information about pulp
ripeness, while the real degree of skin and seed maturity (phenolic maturity) remains
unknown. The grape harvested based on conventional parameters does not guarantee
phenolic maturation. Review of the similar researches on phenolic maturation, with emphasis
on so far conducted researches on Plavac Mali, project hypothesis and aims are shown in
the introduction chapter. Plavac Mali is late ripening variety and the race to produce high
concentrated wines, as well as uneven nature of the grape berry ripening, and the wrong
harvest timing indicators implies a delay in harvest with the aim of achieving better coloration
and rounded, velvet tannins which often results in unbalanced wines with high alcohol, low
acid content and high pH value. In this research project it is assumed that the specific ratios
of metabolites (sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, nitrogen, and potassium) in
grapes of the Plavac Mali of different harvest dates affect the chemical composition and the
production of different types of wine. It is also assumed that the color of the skin and the
seeds during maturation is correlated with the phenolic composition and can therefore be
used as a good indicator of ripeness of Plavac Mali. The aims of this research project were to
characterize grape and wine of Plavac Mali harvested at different technological ripeness,
examine the most suitable, practical maturity parameters (general maturity indexes, total
concentration of phenolic compounds, CIELab and RGB (HSV) variables of the color, HPLC
profiles) and to determine the best time of harvest. Correlation between the concentration of
the phenolic compounds and color development of the grapes was determined, and
visualisation of the colour gradiation of the grape seeds during diferent harvest dates was
made. The second chapter gives an overview of the latest research in the phenollic maturity
of grapes and consequences on the quality of wines. Chapter is organized in five
subdivisions and includes an overview of 198 literature references. The research carried out
by different authors showed that phenolic compounds play an important role in the quality of
red wine, particularly on sensory characteristics of the color, bitterness and astringency. The
production of high quality wines is based on the optimum degree of phenol grape maturity.
The concept of phenolic maturity at the level of the skin and the seed coat during maturation
implies achieving the highest concentration of anthocyanins in the skin with the lowest
extraction of the seeds proanthocyanidins in the total proantocyanidins. Red grape varieties
easily reach the sugar content required for the production of high quality wines in the
Mediterranean climates, but this is not the case with the phenolic compounds. In the last
stage of the grape berry development, the phenolic compounds, especially the anthocyanins
and the proanthocyanidins go through continuous quantitative and qualitative changes, and
the intensity of the same depends on agro-ecological conditions and vineyard practice.
Wines that are produced from unripe berries, whose skins and seeds did not achieve full
phenolic maturity are poor in color, have bitter taste and astringent sensations. Precise
research material and methods used in determination of grape maturity were described in
third chapter. Grape samples were collected during four different harvest dates in two
different collection vineyards, Duilovo and Baštica. Conventional oenological methods
included 7 different analytical methods. Total polyphenolic capacity of the grape berries was
determined through 3 spectrophotometric methods, and the separation of 5 different groups
of polyphenolic compounds was performed with HPLC. Traditional measurements of sugar
content, titratable acidity and pH are very important for the determination of grape ripeness.
During recent years evaluation of the grape color development and the estimation of the skin
and seed ripeness demands application of sophisticated analytical methods, primarily
spectrophotometric, colorimetric, and the methods of the liquid chromatography.
Unfortunately, these methods are not easily available to viticulturists and winemakers and
require knowledge of analytical chemistry and expensive devices. As the wine market
becomes more competitive, precise determination of the harvest date for production of the
specific wine style will become normal in the future. An inexpensive way of determination of
the best harvest date is the combination of traditional analyses and evaluation of the color of
the grape which is possible with the new tool developed in this research project, visualization
of the grape seed color. The fourth chapter consists of 25 tables, 24 graphs and 4 figures.
The results show the significance of influence of four harvest dates and two locations on
changes in the level of the conventional and polyphenolic parameters of grape and wine
Plavac Mali by two-way analysis of variance. Techniques of the multivariate analysis PCA
and Canonical correlation are used to determine the relationships between samples (PCA)
and parameters (Canonical correlation). Significant difference in physiochemical and
polyphenolic profile of grape berries of the four different harvest dates was determined.
Wines produced from grapes of the different harvest dates showed a greater difference in
basic oenological and polyphenolic profile. Comparison of the results of the polyphenolic
profile of Plavac Mali grape and wine demonstrated the opportunity to evaluate maturity of
the grapes by external parameters of color of grape skins and seeds. Due to the relationship
between external properties of the skin and seeds and chemical compounds, visualization of
the tonal gradation of the seed color during four different harvest dates was developed and
the possibility of its use as a quality indicator of maturity of grapes Plavac Mali was
determined. The research questions from hypothesis and raised by analysis were discussed
in the fifth chapter, organized in three subdivisions. The results are compared to latest
researches from this field. The proposed research provides a detailed insight into the
potential of technological maturity of Plavac Mali. Conventional grape maturity indicators (°
Brix, titratable acid and pH) as well as basic quality indicators, allowed a separation of
grapes based on harvest date and/or growing location. However, it is not possible to
correlate these indicators with the phenolic maturity of berries for the production of high
quality wines. Berries of Plavac Mali reached optimal acidity content in the second harvest
date, and optimal phenolic maturity in the third ha
Grk je autohtona sorta vinove loze značajna danas za vinogradarsto Lumbarde i
okolnog područja na otoku Korčule. Jedna je od rijetkih sorata vinove loze s funkcionalno
ženskim cvijetom, što kod ...uzgoja ove sorte uzrokuje određene teškoće vezane uz
oplodnju i razvoj bobica u grozdu. Sorta je specifična po pojavi malih, besjemenih bobica
(lokalni naziv „pasoline”) koje se u grozdu nalaze zajedno sa znatno većim bobicama koje
sadrže sjemenke. Udio pojedininog tipa bobica unutar grozda vrlo je varijabilan. Ovim
istraživanjem nastojalo se utvrditi koji su uzroci pojave besjemenih bobica kod sorte Grk
vezani uz građu i razvitak muškog i ženskog gametofita, utvrditi utjecaj različitih sorata
oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica u grozdu te utvrditi varijacije kvalitete grožđa i vina
uzrokovane različitim udijelima besjemenih bobica (pasolina). Analizom muškog
gametofita utvrđeno je nepostojanje pora za klijanje na sporodermi peludi sorte Grk. Iz
toga razloga pelud ove sorte je sterilna iako se razvoj gameta odvija normalno te zrelo
peludno zrno sadrži dvije spermalne i jednu vegetativnu jezgru. Utvrđena je pravilna građa
sjemenog zametka te prisutnost pojedinačnih stanica ženskog gametofita u zrelom
stadiju. Embriji unutar sjemenoga zametka nastavljaju normalan razvoj kroz sve stadije
razvoja ili dolazi do propadanja sjemenih zametaka. Proces propadanja započinje kod
neoplođenih bobica veličine 4 mm.
Analiza utjecaja oprašivača na broj sjemenih bobica pokazuje da su najbolji
oprašivači bili sorte Pošip (27,68% sjemenih bobica u grozdu) i Plavac mali (26,95%
sjemenih bobica u grozdu) dok je najlošiji oprašivač sorta Chardonnay (9,73% sjemenih
bobica u grozdu). Analizom kvalitete mošta utvrđeno je da velike sjemene bobice sadrže
signifikantno veći sadržaj šećera u moštu i pH vrijednost mošta dok male besjemene
bobice imaju signifikantno veći sadržaj kiselina.
Organoleptičkom analizom vina nije utvrđena signifikantna razlika između
varijanata vina od 80% malih besjemenih bobica u grozdu i one sa 80% sjemenih bobica
u grozdu. Signifikantnih razlika nije bilo niti u parametrima osnovne kemijske analize vina
osim kod sadržaja pepela u korist vina sa podjednakim udjelom velikih sjemenih bobica i
besjemenih bobica (pasolina). U vinu dobivenom od 80% pasolina utvrđeno je
signifikantno najviše kafeinske, kumarinske i ferulinske kiseline te procijanidina B1 i
resveratrola.
Grk is a native grapevine variety important for viticulture of the Lumbarda area on the
island of Korčula. It is one of the rare grape varieties with functionally female flower, which
causes certain difficulties in grape production associated with poor fertilization and the
development of the berry. Each cluster of this variety contains small, seedless berries
(local name pasoline) and large berries that contain seeds. The share of berries type
within the cluster is highly variable. This study attempts to identify the causes of poor
seedless berries development trough the analysis of structure and development of male
and female gametophyte, to determine the effect of different pollinator varieties on the
number of seeded berries in the cluster and to determine the impact of seedless berry
share on quality of grapes and wine. Lack of germination pores on pollen sporoderma was
found in the analysis. For this reason, the pollen of this variety is sterile, although the
development of gametes takes place normally and mature pollen grain contains two
sperms and a vegetative nucleus.
The structure of the ovule and the presence of individual cells of the female gametophyte
in the mature stage were regular. Embryos inside the ovule develop normally through all
the developmental stages, otherwise decay of the ovule takes place. The process of the
ovule decay begins in unfertilized berries which are 4 mm in size. The decline of ovules
caused by two processes: parthenocarpy and stenospermocarpy. Parthenocarpy occurs
in berries in which there has been no fertilization. The stenospermocarpy occurs with
berries where there has been a process of fertilization but cessation of ovul growth and its
degeneration was caused by unknown physiological factors within the plant. In embrio sac
of certain berries whose stigmas in the opening flower remained covered with flower cap,
there was deternin existence of the zygote in the phase of intensive elongation. Ther was
also obvious that both sinergide look identical and non-degenerate, indicating that there
was no penetration of the pollen tubes and no proper fertilization proces occured. This fact
potentially leads to a hypothesis that in vines can reach process of apomixis.
The analysis of the impact of pollinator variety on the number of seeded berries shows
that the best pollinators were the following varieties: Pošip (27.68% seeded berries in a
cluster) and Plavac mali (26.95% seeded berries in a cluster). The worst pollinator variety
was Chardonnay (9.73% seeded berries in a cluster). The analysis of the must quality
determined that the large seeded berries contain significantly higher sugar content and pH
value while the small seedless berries have significantly higher acid content.
A significant difference between varieties of wine made from 80% of small seedless
berries in the cluster and those made of 80% of the seeded berries in the cluster was not
found in the organoleptic analysis. A significant difference was not determined even in the
basic chemical composition of the wine except for ash content in the wine with equal
share of large seeded berries and seedless berries. Significantly the largest content of
caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acid, procyanidin B1 and resveratrol was found in the wine
made from 80% seedless berries.
