Drawing on recent research highlighting the dynamic and social properties of psychological contracts, we propose a framework that examines socially embedded triggers and their impact on psychological ...contract change. Our model accounts for the social context in which individuals’ sensemaking process about their employment relationship occurs. The model specifies how individuals make sense of coworkers’ psychological contract violation and integrate that information into the creation of a plausible convergent or divergent account. These accounts have the potential to reinforce or initiate a review of the terms of the individual’s psychological contract schema, or they may leave the schema intact. Research and practical implications of this conceptual framework are discussed.
The correlations in quantum networks have attracted strong interest with new types of violations of the locality. The standard Bell inequalities cannot characterize the multipartite correlations that ...are generated by multiple sources. The main problem is that no computationally efficient method is available for constructing useful Bell inequalities for general quantum networks. In this work, we show a significant improvement by presenting new, explicit Bell-type inequalities for general networks including cyclic networks. These nonlinear inequalities are related to the matching problem of an equivalent unweighted bipartite graph that allows constructing a polynomial-time algorithm. For the quantum resources consisting of bipartite entangled pure states and generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, we prove the generic nonmultilocality of quantum networks with multiple independent observers using new Bell inequalities. The violations are maximal with respect to the presented Tsirelson's bound for Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states and GHZ states. Moreover, these violations hold for Werner states or some general noisy states. Our results suggest that the presented Bell inequalities can be used to characterize experimental quantum networks.
The widespread adoption of emergency powers during Covid-19 raises important questions about what constitutes a (un)democratic response to crises. While the institutions and practices of democracy ...during normal times are well established, democratic standards during emergencies have yet to be conceptualized in the literature. This makes it difficult to systematically answer questions like - How do states' responses to Covid-19 violate democratic standards? Do such violations make states' responses more effective? Drawing on international treaties, norms, and academic scholarship, we propose a novel conceptualization of democratic standards for emergency measures. We then identify which government responses to Covid-19 qualify as a violation of democratic standards within the framework of illiberal and authoritarian practices, introducing a dataset covering 144 countries from March 2020 onward. In this article, we provide an overview of the extent to which states violated democratic standards in their response to Covid-19 during 2020. We find no relationship between violations of democratic standards and reported Covid-19 mortality. Illiberal and authoritarian practices in response to the Covid-19 pandemic do not correlate with better public health outcomes. Rather, such crisis-driven violations should be carefully observed as they could signal autocratization.
•Practice-based conceptualization of democratic standards for emergency measures.•New dataset on violations of democratic standards during the Covid-19 pandemic.•Dataset covers 144 countries from March to December 2020.•Most countries have engaged in some violation of democratic norms.•No evidence of a trade-off between democracy and efficient policy response to Covid-19.
It is often assumed that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a very promising way for corporations to improve their reputations, and a positive link between practicing CSR and corporate ...reputation is supported by empirical evidence. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie this relationship. In addition, the effects of not practicing CSR on corporate reputation have received little attention thus far. This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the cause-andeffect relationships between (not) practicing CSR and corporate reputation. To this end, the paper draws on a psychological framework, in particular, on insights from expectancy violations theory and attribution theory. Building on the ideal-type distinction between CSR in terms of voluntary engagement for society ("doing good") and the prevention of irresponsible behavior ("avoiding bad"), the paper develops four propositions that unveil some fundamental cause-and-effect relationships between (not) practicing CSR, irresponsible behavior, and corporate reputation. In doing so, it also addresses the question under which conditions CSR leads to a buffering or backfiring effect on corporate reputation in the event of irresponsible behavior.
The first face-to-face (FtF) meeting of online daters serves as a turning point for relationship development. Based on expectancy violations theory and the hyperpersonal model, this study ...investigated the associations between expectancy violations on partners' physical and communicative characteristics and relational outcomes during modality switching in online dating. Working with 380 online daters who have met their online partners face-to-face in the previous three months, this study found that negative expectancy violations on physical appearance and word choices in the first FtF meeting were associated with undesirable relational outcomes. Furthermore, perceived honesty of the partner partially mediated the associations between negative expectancy violations on the partner's physical appearance and word choices and relational outcomes. Together, the current study advances our understanding of modality switching in online dating by examining different dimensions of expectation violations and offering one underlying mechanism accounting for the implications of expectation violations.
•Online daters experienced expectation violations in the first FtF meeting.•These expectation violations can be physical or communicative.•Negative expectation violations were related to undesirable relational outcomes.•Perceived honesty of the partner can function as a mediator.
Burnout represents a significant problem for many modern-day workers, but perhaps none more acutely than those in healthcare. Imbued with the chronic stressors that often accompany high-risk, ...interpersonal work, the healthcare industry is rife with stories of burnout, and the addition of a pandemic has intensified the challenges of an already demanding work environment. With an aim toward understanding the root causes of pandemic-exacerbated burnout, we document the experiences of 93 healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and, in doing so, explore an important link between burnout and work-nonwork boundaries. We find the contextual shock of the pandemic resulted in an increased incidence of boundary violations-undesired disruptions between work and other important life domains such as personal and family life. These boundary violations-which we classify as physical, temporal, or knowledge-based-frequently corresponded to greater reports of burnout manifested by exhaustion, detachment, and inefficacy. We detail specific patterns within the broader context of boundary violations whereby intrusion events are associated with increased job-related demands and distancing events are associated with reduced job-related resources. In addition to documenting the connection between burnout and boundary violations, we also reveal how workers utilized specific boundary work tactics in response to specific types of boundary violations to redefine boundaries and forestall burnout. Our grounded theorizing points to theoretical and practical implications for the impact of boundary work tactics on burnout and other stress-related phenomena.
•Data for the study was obtained from the FARS database for the period covering 2015–2019.•Males are overrepresented in fatal crashes involving recidivist drivers.•The Hazard duration model was used ...to analyze factors that influence the duration between previous non-fatal crashes and subsequent fatal crashes involving recidivist drivers.•Factors such as number of previous crashes, previous traffic violations, primary contributing factors and some driver demographic characteristics were found to significantly be associated with the duration between the two crash events.
Identifying factors that significantly affect drivers that are repeatedly involved in traffic violations or non-fatal crashes (defined here as recidivist drivers) is very important in highway safety studies. This study sought to understand the relationship between a set of variables related to previous driving violations and the duration between a previous non-fatal crash and a subsequent fatal crash, taking into account the age and gender of the driver. By identifying the characteristics of this unique driver population and the factors that influence the duration between their crash events strategies can be put in place to prevent the occurrence of future and potentially fatal crashes. To do this, a five-year (2015–2019) historical fatal crash data from the United States was used for this study. Out of 15,956 fatal crashes involving recidivist drivers obtained, preliminary analysis revealed an overrepresentation of males (about 75%). It was also found that the average duration between the two crash events was about a year and a half, with only an average of one month difference between male and female drivers. Using hazard-based duration models, factors such as number of previous crashes, previous traffic violations, primary contributing factors and some driver demographic characteristics were found to significantly be associated with the duration between the two crash events. The duration between the two events increased with driver’s age for drivers who were involved in only one previous crash and the duration was shorter for those that were previously involved in multiple crashes. Previous DUI violations, license suspensions, and previous speeding violations were found to be associated with shorter durations, at varying degrees depending on the driver’s age and gender. The duration was also observed to be longer if the fatal crash involved alcohol or drug use among younger drivers but shorter among middle-aged male drivers. These findings reveal interesting dynamics that may be linked to recidivist tendencies among some drivers involved in fatal crashes. The factors identified from this study could help identify crash countermeasures and programs that will help to reform such driver behaviors.
“Naming and shaming” is a popular strategy to enforce international human rights norms and laws. Nongovernmental organizations, news media, and international organizations publicize countries' ...violations and urge reform. Evidence that these spotlights are followed by improvements is anecdotal. This article analyzes the relationship between global naming and shaming efforts and governments' human rights practices for 145 countries from 1975 to 2000. The statistics show that governments put in the spotlight for abuses continue or even ramp up some violations afterward, while reducing others. One reason is that governments' capacities for human rights improvements vary across types of violations. Another is that governments are strategically using some violations to offset other improvements they make in response to international pressure to stop violations.
Firms have traditionally responded to environmental violations by increasing information disclosure and/or communication to manage stakeholder perceptions. As such, these approaches may be symbolic ...in nature, with no genuine intention to improve the environment. We draw from restorative justice grounded in stakeholder theory and explore a relatively new approach in the form of supplemental environmental projects (SEPs) aimed at restoring the environment, and empirically examine the role of corporate governance (board structure) in firms’ decisions to undertake reparative actions. Using environmental violations and SEPs data from the US Environmental Protection Agency between 2002 and 2015, we find that firms with smaller boards are more likely to undertake SEPs. We also find that firms with higher board independence and CEO duality undertake SEPs more frequently; however, board gender diversity and the existence of a sustainability committee appear to have no impacts. These results are robust to propensity score matching and an alternative data source. We extend the scope of stakeholder theory by emphasizing a new approach—restorative justice—by which corporations can repair damaged relationships and also improve the environment. We also contribute to corporate governance and environmentalism literature by identifying governance structures that promote environmental restorative justice. Thus, our study will inform different stakeholders, including regulators, shareholders, and boards of directors, and will open new avenues for business ethics scholarship.
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