The application of the "consent defence" to modern sport, and especially modern hockey, is examined. Criticism of the traditional judicial approach in this area is considered and suggestions for ...clarifying the law offered. It also examines the question of whether participation in professional athletics exempts players from criminal sanctions for assaults committed in the course of a sporting event.
Under what conditions will a bystander intervene to try to stop a violent attack by one person on another? It is generally believed that the greater the size of the crowd of bystanders, the less the ...chance that any of them will intervene. A complementary model is that social identity is critical as an explanatory variable. For example, when the bystander shares common social identity with the victim the probability of intervention is enhanced, other things being equal. However, it is generally not possible to study such hypotheses experimentally for practical and ethical reasons. Here we show that an experiment that depicts a violent incident at life-size in immersive virtual reality lends support to the social identity explanation. 40 male supporters of Arsenal Football Club in England were recruited for a two-factor between-groups experiment: the victim was either an Arsenal supporter or not (in-group/out-group), and looked towards the participant for help or not during the confrontation. The response variables were the numbers of verbal and physical interventions by the participant during the violent argument. The number of physical interventions had a significantly greater mean in the in-group condition compared to the out-group. The more that participants perceived that the Victim was looking to them for help the greater the number of interventions in the in-group but not in the out-group. These results are supported by standard statistical analysis of variance, with more detailed findings obtained by a symbolic regression procedure based on genetic programming. Verbal interventions made during their experience, and analysis of post-experiment interview data suggest that in-group members were more prone to confrontational intervention compared to the out-group who were more prone to make statements to try to diffuse the situation.
As funding for Ukraine stalls in Congress and Donald Trump ramps up his anti-NATO rhetoric, Europe is having to think about how it would manage its security without the US. Why does NATO matter to ...America? John Prideaux hosts with Charlotte Howard and Idrees Kahloon. Do you have a question you’d like the team to answer in an upcoming episode? Email it to podcasts@economist.com. Get a world of insights for 50% off—subscribe to Economist Podcasts+.If you’re already a subscriber to The Economist, you have full access to all our shows as part of your subscription. For more information about how to access Economist Podcasts+, please visit our FAQs page or watch our video explaining how to link your account. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Automatic Violence Detection and Classification (AVDC) with deep learning has garnered significant attention in computer vision research. This paper presents a novel approach for combining a custom ...Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) in developing a new AVDC model called BrutNet. Specifically, a time‐distributed DCNN (TD‐DCNN) is developed to generate a compact 2D representation with 512 spatial features per frame from a set of equally‐spaced frames of dimension 160×$\times$90 in short video segments. Further to leverage the temporal information, a GRU layer is utilised, generating a condensed 1D vector that enables binary classification of violent or non‐violent content through multiple dense layers. Overfitting is addressed by incorporating dropout layers with a rate of 0.5, while the hidden and output layers employ rectified linear unit (ReLU) and sigmoid activations, respectively. The model is trained on the NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPU through Google Colab, demonstrating superior performance compared to existing models across various video datasets, including hockey fights, movie fights, AVD, and RWF‐2000. Notably, the model stands out by requiring only 3.416 million parameters and achieving impressive test accuracies of 97.62%, 100%, 97.22%, and 86.43% on the respective datasets. Thus, BrutNet exhibits the potential to emerge as a highly efficient and robust AVDC model in support of greater public safety, content moderation and censorship, computer‐aided investigations, and law enforcement.
BrutNet, an AVDC model combining a customized TD‐DCNN with GRU, is presented that achieves exceptional accuracies ranging from 97.62% to 100% across diverse datasets. Notably, BrutNet demonstrates remarkable computational efficiency with only 3.416 million parameters, setting a new standard for efficient violence detection. The model's practical implications extend to enhancing public safety, content moderation, and law enforcement, marking a significant advancement in real‐world applications.
Abstract
Given the recent increase observed in crime related to football matches, we determine the extent to which this private leisure activity is responsible for negative crime externalities. We ...conduct an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and spatial regressions at the census tract level drawing on data for the matches played by Football Club Barcelona and geocoded crime data for the city of Barcelona (Spain); focusing on thefts (mainly pick pocketing) and assaults (interpersonal violence or hooliganism). We find an increase in the number of thefts across the whole city but, especially, in those census tracts within a 700-m radius of the stadium. These results are confirmed by the low number of crimes committed during away matches in the census tracts around the stadium. A similar spatial pattern is found for assaults. Our results provide evidence of a displacement effect of violent supporters (hooligans) towards the stadium on football days.
Purpose: This study aimed to explore links between child maltreatment (CM) and experiences of interpersonal violence (IV) in sport among adolescent sport participants. To our knowledge, no studies ...have yet considered this association. This is surprising given that the literature outside of sport clearly shows that CM is related to revictimization in adolescence and adulthood. Methods: The sample consists of 983 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years old participating in an organized sport. They completed a self-report survey in class at six Canadian schools assessing CM and IV in sport. Logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations between CM and IV in sport. Results: Child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and exposure to domestic violence were significantly associated with psychological violence and neglect in sport. Exposure to domestic violence was the only form of CM significantly associated with physical violence in sport. Child sexual abuse and neglect were significantly associated with sexual violence in sport, while child emotional abuse and exposure to domestic violence were significantly associated with peer violence in sport. Physical abuse was the only form of CM significantly associated with coach violence. Child physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence were positively associated with violence from parents in sport. Conclusions: Considering the associations between CM and IV in sport, further investigations are necessary on how to prevent revictimization. It also highlights the importance of athlete-centered and trauma-informed practices in sport. Implications and Contribution: This study was the first, to our knowledge, to show the relationship between CM and the experience of IV in organized sport, as reported by 983 Canadian adolescents. Our findings reveal different associations depending on the type of IV (physical, sexual, psychological, or neglect) and the perpetrators (peers, coaches, or parents).
In recent years, an increasing number of cases of sexual violence (SV) in organized sports have received worldwide attention. To counteract the emergence of SV, various preventive measures have been ...developed and implemented. However, the effectiveness of these preventive measures has not been adequately tested. To close this gap, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a workshop intervention that was conducted within the context of organized sports in Germany. The one-day workshop intervention was conducted with 137 stakeholders in organized sports (coaches, athletes, board members, and parents). The intervention was evaluated by measuring the short-term (immediately before and after the workshop) and long-term effects (six months after the workshop). The analyses showed positive short-term (such as on attitudes toward SV and the intention to act against SV) and positive long-term effects (on knowledge about SV and a culture of prevention in the sports club and club behavior) of the workshop. The workshop was effective in the short term and the long term regarding the most relevant indicators (i.e., taking measures against SV). Therefore, it can be concluded that more workshops should be held in clubs in order to sensitize stakeholders and foster measures against SV in sports.
This book addresses the major forms of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) in children’s sport, including sexual, physical, and psychological violence and neglect. It reviews the historical, sociocultural, ...and political influences on violence towards children, and sets out future agendas for research and practice to eliminate GBV in sport. The book argues that for GBV to occur and be sustained over time, it must be facilitated by a system that enables this violence, protects the perpetrator, disables bystanders, silences the victims, and/or fails to provide a structure by which to address victims’ or bystanders’ concerns. Drawing on empirical research from across a range of disciplines, including sport sociology, sport psychology, developmental psychology, and coaching, and examining real life case studies of GBV in sport at all levels, the book makes a powerful case for radical change in our current systems of sport governance, safeguarding, and athlete welfare. This is important reading for any student, researcher, policy-maker, coach, welfare officer or counsellor with an interest in sport, gender studies, safeguarding, criminology, or sociology.
Idaho and Sports Law Epstein, Adam
The Entertainment and Sports Lawyer,
03/2023, Letnik:
39, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Trade Publication Article
"15 However, as a case of first impression in Idaho, it found "no compelling public policy rationale"16 to limit the duty of care owed to a spectator at a baseball game and expressly rejected the ...rule as a legal theory in Idaho.17 Still, the court noted that Idaho's legislature could enact a specific law limiting the duty of care owed by a baseball stadium owner or operator like the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Jersey and Illinois, rather than adopt a judicially established rule, stating "This decision is in keeping with those states whose legislatures have seen fit to adopt variations of the Baseball Rule. "18 Additionally, the Idaho Supreme Court held that primary assumption of risk is not a valid defense under Idaho law either, unless there is express written or oral consent to the risk of injury.19 Put differently, and not surprisingly, the exculpatory language on the back of his ticket did not suffice as written consent, and although Rountree was a season ticket-holder for more than twenty years, he never read the disclaimer: "THE HOLDER ASSUMES ALL RISK AND DANGERS INCIDENTAL TO THE GAME OF BASEBALL INCLUDING SPECIFICALLY (BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY) THE DANGER OF BEING INJURED BY THROWN OR BATTED BALLS. "22 The Rountree decision was not groundbreaking in sports law, but it is significant because it marked a case of first impression in Idaho.23 Many other states have addressed the baseball rule (known additionally in some circles interchangeably as the "limited duty rule") in years' past stemming from two oft-cited, overa-century-old Missouri decisions.24 Jurisdictions that have adopted the baseball rule since 2000 include Michigan,25 New Jersey,26 Nevada,27 New Mexico,28 and Virginia, for example.29 Despite the Rountree decision, public outcry over the baseball rule reached a critical mass in recent years as tens of spectators of all ages at Major League Baseball (MLB) games have been brutally injured by foul balls.30 In fact, the Rountree decision was mentioned as a matter of public discourse at the national level as spectators and others continued to grow impatient over gruesome injuries from foul balls and broken bats.31 II.Boise State's Blue Turf Trademark The blue-colored, artificial playing surface football field at Boise State University's (BSU) Bronco Stadium (now Albertsons Stadium) was installed in 1986.32 It is especially unique and as the football program's profile rose, the turf became the university's most recognizable feature.33 In fact, BSU's athletic director, Gene Bleymaier, did not like the fact that it cost $750,000 to remove the old field and install a new, green turf football field, so he suggested blue turf instead and convinced the powers that be that this would work.34 Today, many refer to the turf as "Smurf Turf" and the color of the field is a hallmark-in addition to a trademark-of the school and the program.35 Though the blue turf is trademarked with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and convinced the USPTO that when consumers thought "blue field" they thought of Boise State,36 the process of obtaining the trademark was not a breeze. ...the USPTO rejected the application in 2008, citing a "lack of distinctiveness," but it approved a second attempt in 2009 after BSU's university counsel argued that Boise State had spent $2.2 million on advertising that singled out the field.37 BSU typically grants permission to high schools and the like for non-green fields at no charge.38 Taking matters into its own hands, and citing a legal doctrine known as "initial interest confusion,"39 BSU attempted to protect not only its blue trademark, but also any non-green football field as well.40 This doctrine theorizes the finding of a trademark infringement when there is temporary consumer confusion over the product before the purchase is made.41 However, trademark infringement that relies on "initial interest confusion" does not require a likelihood of confusion at the time of sale, only that the mark must capture the consumer's initial attention.42 It has not been definitely established by a court whether this legal theory extends BSU's blue turf trademark to any non-green field, however.
In this paper we analyze the temporal profile of crime in the urban context of Barcelona (Spain) for the period 2007–2011 using a unique micro dataset with police reported crime. Additionally, we ...assess the temporal effect that a leisure activity clearly bounded in time, namely the matches played by Football Club Barcelona (FCB), exert on criminal activities. We obtain a detailed time profile for the crime recorded in the city of Barcelona and the displacement effect attributable to the football matches. The latter was found to be notable in the case of thefts, criminal damage, robberies and gender violence. Instances of gender violence were more prevalent after a FCB home defeat.
•We analyze the temporal profile of crime in a urban context.•We precisely characterize the monthly, weekly and hourly patterns of crime.•We assess the temporal effect of a leisure activity clearly bounded in time (football matches) on criminal activity.•Results show a time displacement effect on crime attributable to football matches.•Results show that gender violence is more prevalent after a Football Club Barcelona defeat.
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