In situ product recovery is an efficient way to intensify bioprocesses as it can perform adsorption of the desired natural products in the cultivation. However, it is common to use only one adsorbent ...(liquid or solid) to perform the product recovery. For this study, the use of an in situ product recovery method with three combined commercial resins (HP‐20, XAD7HP, and HP‐2MG) with different chemical properties was performed. A new yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered using CRISPR Cas9 (strain EJ2) to deliver heterologous expression of oxygenated acetylated taxanes that are precursors of the anticancer drug Taxol ® (paclitaxel). Microscale cultivations using a definitive screening design (DSD) were set to get the best resin combinations and concentrations to retrieve high taxane titers. Once the best resin treatment was selected by the DSD, semi‐continuous cultivation in high throughput microscale was performed to increase the total taxanes yield up to 783 ± 33 mg/L. The best T5α‐yl Acetate yield obtained was up to 95 ± 4 mg/L, the highest titer of this compound ever reported by a heterologous expression. It was also observed that by using a combination of the resins in the cultivation, 8 additional uncharacterized taxanes were found in the gas chromatograms compared to the dodecane overlay method. Lastly, the cell‐waste reactive oxygen species concentrations from the yeast were 1.5‐fold lower in the resin's treatment compared to the control with no adsorbent aid. The possible future implications of this method could be critical for bioprocess intensification, allowing the transition to a semi‐continuous flow bioprocess. Further, this new methodology broadens the use of different organisms for natural product synthesis/discovery benefiting from clear bioprocess intensification advantages.
The production of T5α‐yl Acetate using engineered S. cerevisiae cells was significantly enhanced through the implementation of a novel in situ product recovery method utilizing three biocompatible and highly absorbent polymeric resins simultaneously. Optimization using Design of Experiments facilitated a semi‐continuous cultivation strategy, yielding a total taxanes concentration of 783 ± 33 mg/L, with T5α‐yl Acetate achieving levels up to 95 ± 4 mg/L. Furthermore, this method resulted in a 1.5‐fold reduction in cell‐waste reactive oxygen species
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Asphaltene is the most complex component of crude oil, consisting of various molecular structures, e.g., different molecular weights and number of rings per fused-ring system (or ...aromatic moiety). Asphaltene has been reported to cause complicated problems during production and transportation. Asphaltene is also asociated with severe detrimental effects to the environment. Because of its problematic nature, asphaltene has been treated as a waste material for many years. Recently, advanced analytical techniques have been applied to elucidate the chemo-physical structure of asphaltene. Progress in research has facilitated the application of asphaltene in various fields. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of advanced applications of asphaltene in different industries. It is shown that asphaltene has been successfully used in various fields (e.g., polymer industry, nanomaterial synthesis and surface modification, electronics, emulsions, and interfaces). The novel applications in each field is also discussed. This work provides insight to create value-added products from asphaltene and helps researchers to further contribute to these efforts and bring to new markets this precious waste material.
The glymphatic pathway expedites clearance of waste, including soluble amyloid β (Aβ) from the brain. Transport through this pathway is controlled by the brain's arousal level because, during sleep ...or anesthesia, the brain's interstitial space volume expands (compared with wakefulness), resulting in faster waste removal. Humans, as well as animals, exhibit different body postures during sleep, which may also affect waste removal. Therefore, not only the level of consciousness, but also body posture, might affect CSF-interstitial fluid (ISF) exchange efficiency. We used dynamic-contrast-enhanced MRI and kinetic modeling to quantify CSF-ISF exchange rates in anesthetized rodents' brains in supine, prone, or lateral positions. To validate the MRI data and to assess specifically the influence of body posture on clearance of Aβ, we used fluorescence microscopy and radioactive tracers, respectively. The analysis showed that glymphatic transport was most efficient in the lateral position compared with the supine or prone positions. In the prone position, in which the rat's head was in the most upright position (mimicking posture during the awake state), transport was characterized by "retention" of the tracer, slower clearance, and more CSF efflux along larger caliber cervical vessels. The optical imaging and radiotracer studies confirmed that glymphatic transport and Aβ clearance were superior in the lateral and supine positions. We propose that the most popular sleep posture (lateral) has evolved to optimize waste removal during sleep and that posture must be considered in diagnostic imaging procedures developed in the future to assess CSF-ISF transport in humans.
The rodent brain removes waste better during sleep or anesthesia compared with the awake state. Animals exhibit different body posture during the awake and sleep states, which might affect the brain's waste removal efficiency. We investigated the influence of body posture on brainwide transport of inert tracers of anesthetized rodents. The major finding of our study was that waste, including Aβ, removal was most efficient in the lateral position (compared with the prone position), which mimics the natural resting/sleeping position of rodents. Although our finding awaits testing in humans, we speculate that the lateral position during sleep has advantage with regard to the removal of waste products including Aβ, because clinical studies have shown that sleep drives Aβ clearance from the brain.
The abuse of cationic organic dyes has brought huge environmental pollution problems and seriously threatened human health. To solve this problem, we report the sulfonated polytetraphenylethylene ...(SPTPE) with a rich negative charge, and investigate the application in wastewater treatment and adsorption of cationic organic dyes. Due to the negative charge on the surface, SPTPE exhibits excellent hydrophilcity and high adsorption capacity on various organic dyes. Especially, the maximum adsorption capacities of SPTPE on malachite green is 2778 mg/g and Rhodamine B 2232 mg/g, indicating its great potential in rapid water treatment. This article pointed out a new idea for the design and exploitation of advanced materials for wastewater cleaning.
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In recent years marine amphipods have been highlighted as an alternative live feed resource for Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966 is a native amphipod ...from the Mediterranean Sea and the north Atlantic Ocean and it is highly abundant in southern Spain marsh ponds. Its high potential for being intensively reared has been demonstrated in previous studies, as this species can feed on detritus and presents an interesting nutritional profile. In the present work, G. insensibilis specimens were maintained in closed batches at three different densities (100, 500 and 1000 ind L−1) and fed on dry or wet detritus (uneaten food and faeces from a fish RAS effluent) in order to assess for the first time the amount of wastes that they were able to remove. In parallel, a trial was performed to study the effect of dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds (highly abundant in aquaculture effluents) on their survival, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50) in 96 h were calculated. Amphipods in all experiments and conditions showed promising survival rates higher than 80%. No advantages were observed when gammarids were maintained at high densities due to the significantly higher ammonium concentrations in these treatments, having an effect on intake but allowing sub-lethal conditions. Indeed, Gammarus insensibilis showed the highest tolerance for nitrate (1308 mg N-NO3− L−1), followed by nitrite (39.77 mg N-NO2− L−1) and ammonium (33.23 mg N-NH4+ L−1). Individuals at low densities removed significantly higher amounts of detritus, between 154.98 and 169.78 mg (dry weight detritus) per g (wet weight amphipods) and day. No differences were observed between removal rate of dry or wet detritus. Thus, authors recommend the use of wet detritus for a better handling and up-scaled trials in open or RAS systems equipped with a biofilter in order to avoid high ammonium concentrations impacting on intake.
•The amphipod Gammarus insensibilis was maintained in laboratory rearing conditions fed on fish farming effluent wastes•Gammarids can remove between 155 and 170 mg of dry waste per g of gammarid (wet weight) and day.•They showed high tolerances to nitrate, nitrite and ammonium concentrations.•Gammarus insensibilis has a high potential as a detritivorous link in IMTA, comparable to sea cucumbers or polychaetes.
Zeolite is known to uptake toxic metals and filter nitrogenous waste from aquaculture effluents. The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of zeolite in three different applications namely, ...dietary zeolite (DZ), suspended zeolite (SZ) in the water column, and a combination of both (DZSZ) relative to unexposed freshwater crayfish, marron (control). At the end of the 56-days trial, the impact was assessed in terms of characterization of microbial communities in the culture environment and the intestine of marron. Alongside the microbial communities, the innate immune response of marron was also evaluated. The 16S rRNA data showed that marrons exposed to the suspended zeolite had a significant increase of bacterial diversity in the gut, including the restoration of marron core operational taxonomic units (OTUs), relative to other forms of exposures (DZ, DZSZ) and the control. Suspended zeolite alone also increased the number of unshared OTUs and genera, and improved predicted metabolic functions for the biosynthesis and digestion of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and hormones. In the tank sediment, the shift of microbial communities was connected more strongly with the time of experiment than the type of zeolite exposure. In the second case, only control marron had a different microbial ordination in terms of rare taxa present in the community. Nevertheless, the modulation in the gut environment was found more prominent in DZ, relative to modulation in the tank sediments. The taxa-environment correlation identified Rhodoferax as the most potential bacteria in removing nitrogenous waste from the rearing environment. Further analysis showed that SZ resulted in the upregulation of genes associated with the innate immune response of marron. Overall results suggest that SZ can be used to enrich microbial communities in the gut and tank sediments and better immune performance of marron.
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•The efficacy of zeolite was tested on water quality, C/N ratio, and microbiota in the sediment and crayfish gut.•Suspended zeolite showed higher C/N retention ability over time.•Suspended zeolite improved gut microbial diversity, metabolic functions, and immune response.•Rhodoferax spp., was found positively correlated to nitrogen waste removal.•Zeolite in suspended form can be used for crayfish aquaculture.
Herein, we are reporting the effect of reactive dyestuffs, currently widely used in textile industry, on the hydration of Portland cement and their usability as water-reducing additives. For this ...purpose, solutions containing various ratios (0,005- 0,016 g/100 ml tap water) dyestuffs as superplasticizers were used as mixing water for cements. The effects of these dyes on the hydration of Portland cement were determined by physical tests and DSC-TG-DTG, FT-IR and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that the dyestuff added to the cement reduced the cement water/cement ratio (2–7%) and increased the compressive strength (8–13%), depending on the molecular size and structure, and it was also determined that it had no negative effect on cement hydration.
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•Waste dyestuff mixing waters can be used instead of superplasticizers in cements.•It has been found that reactive dyes do not have a negative effect on cement properties.•Textile wastewater can be used as alternative chemical additive in the cement industry.•It will contribute to the solution of an important problem on health and the environment.
Recently, efficient removal of eco-toxic pollutant diclophenac sodium (DCF) from wastewater is emerging as crucial problem. However, low adsorption capacity, high cost of conventional adsorbents ...limits their utility. In this context, Bi2O3 loaded Zn–Al layer double hydroxide (LDH) heterostructures (Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3, x = 0 to 3) have been investigated as a potential adsorbent for DCF removal. These materials are prepared by solvothermal-solvent evaporation method, and systematically characterized by several techniques e.g. XRD, SEM, EDS, HRTEM, XPS, BET and DLS etc. The XRD patterns confirms formation of both LDH and α-Bi2O3 phases. The flower-like morphology is evident by SEM. XPS and EDS confirm Bi2O3-LDH composite. Higher Bi2O3 loading leads to increase in the hydrodynamic sizes of the composite structure. The BET surface area and zeta potential also varies significantly with extent of loading. DCF adsorption of these composites obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model suggesting monolayer adsorption process whereas the intra-particle diffusion model indicates that the adsorption of DCF primarily occurs on the exterior surface. The heterostructure with x = 1 exhibited ~10 times higher adsorption capacity compared to bare LDH owing to its highest surface area and positive zeta potential. Due to high adsorption capacities, low cost and easy DCF removal process, these materials could act as efficient adsorbents for removal of DCF and other pollutants from waste water.
This paper deals with the preparation and characterization of Bi2O3 loaded Zn–Al layer double hydroxides (Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3) heterocomposites for superior adsorptive removal of diclophenac sodium, a pharmaceutical drug present in waste water. It found that absorption capacity of Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3 displayed 10 fold higher relative to bare LDH material. Display omitted
•Modified surface morphology of Bi2O3 loaded Zn–Al layer double hydroxides•Improved surface charge and zeta potential of Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3 heterocomposite•Surface area of Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3 composite varies with the amount of Bi2O3 loading•Adsorption capacity of Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3 (x = 1) is 10 times more than bare Zn–Al LDH•Extremely efficient removal of diclophenac sodium by Zn–Al LDH⋅xBi2O3 composites
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•The used cigarette filter was recycled and coverted to a flow reactor.•The fabrication process was very clean and cost-effective.•The flow reactor showed an ultrafast treatment ...ability and good stability.•The prepared flow reactor had a great potential for the degradation of pollutants.
Developing high value-added products from the waste materials is highly promising from the perspective of environmental protection and resource recovery. Herein, the used cigarette filter was recycled to prepare the flow reactor via a clean and facile strategy. A continuous-flow reduction method was adopted to produce the gold nanoparticles on deacetylated cigarette filter without any extra chemical modifier, reductant or surfactant. The obtained filter was applied as a continuous-flow reactor and showed a high permeability and ultrafast flow catalytic ability. The permeability coefficient of the reactor was about 1.4 × 10−10 m2. This work provided a clean method to covert the waste cigarette filter to useful flow reactor with the relatively simple steps, and the product had a potential for the fast reduction of 4-nitrophenol and dyes including methyl blue and methylene orange.
In addition to immunological and wound healing cell and platelet delivery, ion stasis and nutrient supply, blood delivers oxygen to cells and tissues and removes metabolic wastes. For decades ...researchers have been trying to develop approaches that mimic these two immediately vital functions of blood. Oxygen is crucial for the long-term survival of tissues and cells in vertebrates. Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and even at times anoxia (absence of oxygen) can occur during organ preservation, organ and cell transplantation, wound healing, in tumors and engineering of tissues. Different approaches have been developed to deliver oxygen to tissues and cells, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), normobaric hyperoxia therapy (NBOT), using biochemical reactions and electrolysis, employing liquids with high oxygen solubility, administering hemoglobin, myoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs), introducing oxygen-generating agents, using oxygen-carrying microparticles, persufflation, and peritoneal oxygenation. Metabolic waste accumulation is another issue in biological systems when blood flow is insufficient. Metabolic wastes change the microenvironment of cells and tissues, influence the metabolic activities of cells, and ultimately cause cell death. This review examines advances in blood mimicking systems in the field of biomedical engineering in terms of oxygen delivery and metabolic waste removal.
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