A four-stage biological nutrient removal (BNR) process was operated to investigate the effect of anaerobically femented leachate of food waste (AFLFW) as an external carbon source on nutrient removal ...from domestic wastewater having a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The BNR system that was supplemented with AFLFW showed a good performance at a sludge retention time (SRT) of 30 days, despite low temperature. With this wastewater, average removal efficiencies of soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P) were 88 to 93%, 70 to 74%, and 63 to 68%, respectively. In this study, several kinds of poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) were observed in cells. These included 24% poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), 41% poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV), 18% poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHH), 10% poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate (PHO), 5% poly-3-hydroxydecanoate (PHD), and 2% poly-3-hydroxydodecanoate (PHDD), indicating that microorganisms could store various PHAs through the different metabolic pathways. However, breakdown of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) mechanism was observed when SRT increased from 30 to 50 days for the enhancement of nitrification. To study the effect of SRT on EBPR, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system that was supplied with glucose was operated at various SRTs of 5, 10, and 15 days. Nitrification and denitrification efficiencies increased as SRT increased. However, the content of intracellular materials such as PHAs, glycogen, and poly-P in cells decreased. From these results, it was concluded that SRT should be carefully controlled to increase nitrification activity and to maintain biological phosphorus removal activity in the BNR process.
IN 1855, THE REVEREND GIRDLESTONE zealously promoted sanitary reform in Britain, claiming that the movement was “pregnant with the most important advantages to the human race, in every point of view ...— social, moral, and religious” (29). Girdlestone’s claim provides a useful starting point for considering representations of reform, as this view of the redemptive powers of cleanliness has been accepted by many historians as a characteristic Victorian attitude.1 But while it is true that many Victorians believed that sweeping public health reforms could fuel the physical and moral regeneration of the urban poor, it is also true that others responded to these reforms with fear, anger, and suspicion: an active strain of resistance flourished within Victorian sanitary discourse. That scholars have privileged the Victorians’ declarations of faith in matters of cleanliness and to some degree shared in these sentiments should not surprise us. The idea of public health reform as universally advantageous accords not only with our own sense of the desirability of sanitary techniques such as flush-toilets and water-borne sewerage, which have become naturalized in the West, but also with a narrative of historical progress.2 While this essay does not dispute the fact that the sanitary idea gained wide acceptance in the period, it does seek to shift the focus away from Victorian faith to Victorian apostasy in matters of reform.
This study has shown the technical potential of biomass ash to contribute to the desulfurization of problematic high sulfur lignites. The alkaline desulfurization is more effective in removing the ...pyritic sulfur from the coal, which is the less abundant form than the organic sulfur. Lignite and coal samples from Turkish resources were extracted with an aqueous alkaline solution obtained from the watersoluble fraction of biomass ash. By this method, high sulfur removal from lignites was possible. The effect of temperature, the amount of biomass ash used, extraction time, and stirring speed were studied in the range of 10-50 g, 350-550 K, 0.042-1.8 MPa, 15-60 min, and 300-600 rpm, respectively. The effect of pyritic and organic sulfur removal were investigated. This process removed 33.1, 35.3 and 37.2 % of total sulfur contents; 52.3, 53.6 and 60.7 % of pyritic sulfur contents; and 4.6, 22.1 and 18.0 % of organic sulfur contents from the lignite samples, respectively.
Excavation on the Fourknocks Ridge, Co. Meath King, Heather A.; Cross, Sarah; Lanting, Jan N. ...
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature,
01/1999, Letnik:
99C, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This report describes a small excavation that took place in the autumn of 1982 on the Fourknocks Ridge in County Meath. It was carried out before the construction of a digital microwave radio-link ...repeater station by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, who funded the excavation. The investigation produced evidence of activity on the ridge in the form of pits, an arc of small post-holes and a charcoal spread. Some of the pits contained coarse pottery (now identified as grooved ware), lithics, charcoal and cremated bone, while others had varying amounts of flint debitage. The ploughsoil yielded an archer's bracer and a range of struck and worked flint and chert including a tanged arrowhead. Radiocarbon dates range between 4305 ± 45 BP and 2275 ± 30 BP.
Bryozoans rid themselves of fecal pellets using a more complex and varied set of behaviors than might be expected from their body plan and feeding behavior. In bryozoans from the northern Adriatic ...Sea and in Bogue Sound, North Carolina, expelled pellets traveled along one of four pathways to leave the zooid. In two of these pathways, fecal pellets were drawn into the lophophore in the direction opposite to the feeding current. Each pellet entered the lophophore through a temporary gap created between the two tentacles closest to the anus. Once in the lophophore, the pellet was propelled through the lophophore beyond the tentacle tips or it was drawn back through the entry gap and carried away in the outflow of filtered water. In other zooids, pellets did not enter the lophophore but were carried away, along the surface of the colony, in the flow of filtered water or were moved along the exterior of the extended lophophore to escape beyond the tentacle tips. A large majority of the Adriatic zooids and nearly half of the Carolina zooids expelled pellets that traveled into the lophophore. In many species studied, zooids rid themselves of pellets along at least two different pathways. Apparently, zooids respond to local flow environment and direct fecal pellets in appropriate directions to flush them away from the colony surface.
Iron oxide-coated sand, prepared by evaporating (110° ± 10°C) ferric nitrate solution in the presence of sand, was found unsuitable for removal of chromium from a mixed oxidation-state ...chromium-plating waste (chromium 2.55 to 2.70 mg Cr/L) in a preliminary column test; however, it appeared promising for one-step removal of cadmium and cyanide from a cadmium-plating waste (cadmium 3.60 to 3.75 mg Cd/L; and cyanide 0.85 to 1.06 mg${\rm CN}^{-}/{\rm L}$). A detailed column test with regeneration by 0.01 M${\rm NaNO}_{3}$solution at pH 3.0 further indicated suitability of the iron oxide-coated sand for treatment of cadmium-plating waste. Making the most of column operation in terms of hydraulic loading rate and medium depth and standardization of regeneration procedure are necessary.
Introduction Joshua O. Reno
Waste Away,
02/2016
Book Chapter
THE UNITED STATES WAS THE WEALTHIEST and most powerful society of the twentieth century and remains so at the start of the twenty-first. It is also the most wasteful in world history. Every day, ...seemingly without end, a wide variety of waste is collected and hauled away from businesses, government facilities, households, and communities—some to be recycled or incinerated, but most sent to landfills located elsewhere. This story of wastefulness is by now a familiar one, but landfills remain misunderstood, even mysterious.
This book seeks to reconnect waste producers to our landfills—to show the many ways in which
Discharges in humid air are valuable tools for producing active species which react both at the liquid surface of the targets and in the solution. These species are responsible for a noticeable ...abatement of the pollutant concentration, even of recalcitrant compounds. The relevant kinetics are examined with special emphasis on Temporal Post Discharges Reactions which develop in the solution after the discharge is switched off and without supplying extra energy. The moieties responsible for this feature are discussed and arguments favour H 2 O 2 and peroxynitrous acid. ONO 2 H, which degrades lipoproteins is probably involved in the attacks at the bacterial membranes causing the death of the microorganisms. TPDR are also identified in case of bacterial inactivation. Plasma activated water induces inactivation of bacterial colonies even 24 h after the plasma treatment. Developments to improve the efficacy of the discharges and reduce the running costs are presented.
