Abstract
Wood industry enterprises are an important branch of the Polish economy. More and more companies in this sector starts to work on the basis of new technologies, standards and policies, such ...as the idea of sustainable development. An important factor that may accelerate the implementation of innovative solutions or their employees are slowing. Their commitment and belief in the validity of the changes will depend on whether the innovation desired effect. Article is to show the factors affecting the slow process of innovation in the company with particular emphasis on the role of workers
Proponents of natural resource-based development have argued that backward, forward and lateral linkages around natural resources can bring about structural change. However, there are very few ...studies on the development potential of natural resources in developing countries, specifically on non-petroleum related industries. This study examines linkages in the sawn wood sector of the Nigerian forest industry, in particular the saw mill and artisanal metal fabrication sectors which represent forward and backward linkages. Using a qualitative approach to obtain a detailed historical perspective, the study reveals that foreign inputs were gradually replaced by local inputs through the spontaneous efforts of artisans using the Doing, Utilising and Interacting (DUI) mode of learning and innovation to fabricate band saws and accoutrements used by the saw millers. Furthermore, problem solving skills have been acquired by the artisans over the years through the fabrication of these machines and interacting with the production activities of the millers. Export of machines by the artisans to regional low technology demanding countries were revealed. In addition, evidence of lateral linkages in form of movement of the fabricators to the manufacturing sector was also reported. While the sector shows promise for structural change, advances in technological competence of the sector is however being curtailed by a lack of access of the artisans to Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) based modes of learning and innovation and a vibrant iron and steel industry. In addition, production activities are being limited by an inadequate supply of timber due to the country's rapidly degrading forests. This in turn has restricted learning and competence building opportunities. For the industry to attain its full development potential, policy recommendations include revitalising the country's iron and steel sector, commencing the award of degrees in wood products engineering, fostering linkages between the artisans and formal knowledge infrastructure, initiating proper sustainable forest management practices and providing relevant physical infrastructure.
•The development potential of natural resources in developing countries has not been given due attention.•The study examines linkages in a cluster of the sawn wood sector of the Nigerian forest industry.•The study reveals an incipient cluster and lateral migration of skilled labour to the manufacturing sector.•The study recommends policy measures for enhancing the development potential of the sector.
Economic viability of sustainable forest management has been included in particular forestry strategic documents since 2003. In these documents, it is stated, among other things, that economic ...viability is a key pillar of sustainable forest management and is of conclusive significance in preserving forests and their multiple benefits for the society. At the same time - the economic viability of sustainable forest management depends essentially on wood-producing functions of forestry. The paper aims at an identification of this key concept and at a situation analysis of economic viability under current conditions of the forestry and wood sector in the Czech Republic with a special focus on the wood-processing industry as part of the forestry and wood sector using a financial analysis.
Cet article vise à développer la méthodologie d’identification d’une filière économique. Les études d’identification de filières tentent de repérer un ensemble de branches d’activités ayant de fortes ...intensités d’échange entre elles. Dans cet article, nous clarifions l’utilisation des modèles entrées-sorties dans les études d’identification de filière. Nous apportons une amélioration méthodologique concernant d’une part la sélection des branches et d’autre part le calcul de la distance économique entre deux branches d’activités d’une même filière. Ces améliorations méthodologiques seront appliquées pour l’analyse de la filière bois de la France.
En France, la notion de filière forêt-bois s’est progressivement imposée pour désigner l’ensemble des acteurs et des activités d’exploitation forestière et de transformation du bois. Dans un contexte ...de mondialisation des marchés et de réorganisation politique, cette catégorie d’analyse monolithique semble remise en question à travers l’émergence de formes de développement et de gouvernance territorialisées. En interrogeant le concept de filière appliqué à la forêt et au bois, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence le caractère construit et multiscalaire de cette dernière. À travers deux cas d’étude pris dans le nord-est de la France – la multiplication des initiatives de valorisation des bois locaux et la contractualisation des ventes de bois en forêt publique – nous montrerons que le territoire est devenu un enjeu stratégique mais aussi que la coexistence de différentes visions des rapports filière-territoire peut être génératrice de tensions dans un secteur déjà fragmenté.
To ensure that forest ecosystem services will be maintained in future climate conditions, the challenge of developing and implementing forest adaptation strategies has become a priority shared across ...Europe (European Commission 2010) and around the world (FAO 2012). A critical aspect of any adaptation (and mitigation) strategy is to ensure that management choices have sufficient flexibility and are consistent with sustainable forest management (SFM) principles that balance the forest’s social, ecological and economic outputs. Most current studies, however, still tend to consider forest adaptation independently of exogenous developments (Seppälä et al. 2009), or are based on forecasting and thus only extrapolate from current trends. Yet the futures of forest systems are also uncertain because change may come mainly from socio-economic, and not ecological, drivers (Schoene and Bernier 2012). Climate change will, moreover, have a highly uncertain effect on socio-ecological systems such as forests. A number of authors and international publications on the environment have posited that scenarios studies offer a framework for dealing with strong uncertainties and the complexity of socio-ecological systems: “Comparisons among a set of contrasting scenarios are used to understand the systemic interrelation and dynamics of complex socio-ecological systems and to define a range of possibilities and uncertainties in quantitative and qualitative terms” (Thompson et al. 2012). Likewise, SFM practices are beginning to underscore the importance of taking into account landscape-level views of the forest, and of the many exogenous drivers of regional change, when thinking about integrated land use (Schoene and Bernier 2012). Adaptation strategies must therefore move away from single technical solutions and must not rely on one-size-fits-all mechanisms. New modes of governance that enable rapidly accelerating social, economic and institutional changes are required (Seppälä et al. 2009). Recent emphasis has also been placed on the importance of implementing regionally based forest adaptation strategies that are accepted by local stakeholders (Spathelf et al. 2013). A scenario planning approach that engages stakeholders in scenario development could be a way to overcome such challenges by combining anticipatory learning of climate change impacts (Tschakert and Dietrich 2010) with land use planning. Thus, forest adaptation could be seen from a perspective of forest planning rather than of forest management. It could involve a more indirect form of management that is broader in scale in terms of time, space and organisational level (Mermet and Farcy 2011).The objective of this paper is to discuss how a foresight approach and scenario planning can offer an appropriate framework for dealing with climate change uncertainties at local level, and for elaborating a plurality of forest adaptation strategies derived from plausible sectoral, socio-ecological and regional changes. To test this assumption, the Landes de Gascogne Forest (LGF) 2050 case study (Mora et al. 2012) appears particularly interesting, due both to recent storm damage in 1999 and 2009 and because of the increasing, diverse demands in changing economic and social conditions for various forest ecosystem goods and services. The Landes region of south-western France is located at the intersection of Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. It covers a surface area of about 15,000 km2. The major biophysical features of the area include temperate, oceanic climate conditions, podzolic sandy soils and shallow groundwater levels. The LGF, which was expanded in the nineteenth century to become the largest cultivated and privately owned (92 %) forest in Europe, is primarily composed of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). The LGF covers two thirds of the Landes de Gascogne region, with agricultural and built-up land representing 18 and 7 %, respectively (Mora et al. 2012). The forest also has a significant economic impact through its forestry and forest-based industries. A unique aspect of the Landes forest-wood chain is the location of both timber processing stages within the region and its largely exclusive use of local maritime pine wood resources. However, the forestry and forest-based sector have faced difficulties since the Martin and Klaus storms in 1999 and 2009 that created approximately 70 million cubic metres of windthrow damage. The forestry sector is also experiencing structural challenges as synergies among industry subsectors weaken and biorefinery activities gain prominence. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the large urban centres of Bordeaux to the north and Bayonne to the south (Fig. 1), the Landes area has become an increasingly popular place to live and to work. Almost all of the 390 municipalities in the region are now experiencing population growth, urbanisation, the emergence of a broader base of economic activity and, more generally, a diversification of their forest-derived goods and services. The contribution of forest-related activities to the rural economy and to social well-being may change as a result of these trends (Slee et al. 2004).
Methods
The main objective of this study is to combine the environmental evaluation of a basic wood box used to store wine bottles by means of the integration of two environmental methodologies: a ...quantitative methodology known as life cycle assessment (LCA) and a qualitative methodology which is useful in integrating environmental aspects into design, that is, the design for the environment (DfE). The LCA study covers the life cycle of wood box production from a cradle-to-gate perspective. A wood processing company located in Galicia (NW, Spain) was analysed in detail, dividing the process chain into five stages: cogeneration unit, material assembling, painting, packaging and distribution to clients.
Results
Abiotic depletion (AD), acidification, eutrophication, global warming, ozone layer depletion (OD), photochemical oxidant formation (PO), human toxicity (HT) and toxicological impact categories (HT, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity) were the impact categories analysed in the LCA study. According to the environmental results, the assembling stage contributed more than 57% to all impact categories, followed by the cogeneration unit and packaging. Contributions from packaging are mainly due to transoceanic transport activities related to the rope distribution and wood-based materials production. In addition, it is interesting to remark that all energy requirements were produced by on-site cogeneration boilers using a non-renewable fossil fuel. Several processes were identified as hot spots in this study: medium density fibreboards (MDF) production (with large contribution to ecotoxicity categories), energy production (with contributions to AD, GW and OD) and finally, the transportation of jute fibres (the main contributor to all the impact categories). Concerning the results from the DfE, the proposed eco-design strategies were evaluated from a technological, economic and social point of view by an interdisciplinary team of researchers and enterprise’s workers. The results show that the strategies with more viability of improvement were: reduction of resources used, multifunctional design, substitution of MDF by plywood, substitution of jute fibres, alternatives to the ink, optimization of energy requirement, transport alternatives for the final product and inputs distribution and definition of a protocol for disassembling the product.
Conclusions
The results obtained in this work allow forecasting the importance of the chosen raw materials as well as their origin for the environmental burdens associated with the wood-based box manufacture. Future work will focus on the manufacturing of a prototype eco-designed wood-based box.
Cet article vise à identifier la place de la logistique dans la contribution à la compétitivité des filières agro-ressources et dans leur ancrage sur des territoires désindustrialisés et faiblement ...attractifs pour la logistique de distribution. Nous montrons, au travers de la théorie de la localisation et de l'économie de proximités, la façon dont la logistique peut permettre aux entreprises de s'affranchir des contraintes spatiales, mais aussi de consolider leur ancrage. Puis nous étudions les pratiques logistiques amont de deux filières au moyen d'entretiens semi-directifs. Pour la filière betterave, des pratiques relationnelles et organisationnelles innovantes au sein de coopératives de production ayant fortement investi en capital et en recherche contribuent à leur ancrage. Pour la filière bois, une atomisation et une faible coordination des acteurs de la supply chain, ainsi qu'une forte concurrence, à l'inverse, fragilisent cet ancrage.
Modeli osiguranja tvrtki drvnog sektora Koprolčec, Mario; Motik, Darko; Oblak, Leon
Drvna industrija,
09/2012, Letnik:
63, Številka:
3
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrditi kako su osigurane tvrtke drvnog sektora i od kojih se opasnosti osiguravaju. Promatrani su parametri bili: struktura osiguranja, veličina tvrtki, tehnološke ...mogućnosti s određenom potrebom njihova osiguranja te ukupna sigurnost tvrtki drvog sektora koja se odnosi na imovinu i imovinske interese. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako se drvne tvrtke koriste uslugama osiguravajućih društava, ali ne dovoljno. Pokazalo se kako osigurane tvrtke koje su pretrpjele velike štete imaju veće izglede za sanaciju šteta te kako je poželjno da se primjene određeni modeli osiguranja jer je trošak premije osiguranja u strukturi ukupnih troškova gotovo zanemariv i nije poželjno na tome štedjeti jer osiguranje donosi potrebnu sigurnost, koja je nužna u tvrtkama drvnog sektora. Analizom i usporedbom dobivenih rezultata predstavljeni su i obrazloženi modeli osiguranja koji će biti najučinkovitiji.
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