Economic voting is a widely accepted regularity in the political science literature, yet most work on the subject either assumes that economic performance is a direct result of policy making or, more ...recently, argues that voters are able to identify when this is not the case. Our article challenges these claims by showing that, in a large subset of Latin American countries, both presidential popularity and prospects of reelection strongly depend on factors unambiguously exogenous to presidents’ policy choices. These findings advance the literature on assignment of responsibility for economic performance and pose important implications for democratic accountability.
The COVID-19 pandemic may affect the world severely in terms of quality of life, political, environmental, and economic sustainable development, and the global economy. Its impact is attested to by ...the number of research studies on it. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the psychology of sustainability (quality of life), on sustainable development, and on the global economy. A computerized literature search was performed, and journal articles from authentic sources were extracted, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Emerald Insight. The references in selected articles were screened to identify any relevant studies. The following inclusion criteria were followed: research articles based on the COVID-19 pandemic, and articles, research papers, journals, and news articles published 2010 to 2020. The exclusion criteria were as follow: psychology research, articles, and journals published before 2010 and research articles having no link with the current pandemic's impact on the psychology of sustainability, quality of life, and the global economy. Of the initial 350 articles identified, only 61 studies were found to be relevant and meet the inclusion criteria. Based on these articles, the review highlights that compared to developed countries, the developing nations and poor nations such as African countries with compromised health structures have been greatly affected. There are close associations between health, economic, environmental, and political issues globally. The pandemic can be managed if we follow new policies that implement economic and public health changes worldwide. A planned, coordinated approach between the public-private sector is required, designed according to each country's health system and economy. We can come out of this crisis if we work together and support both developed and developing nations.
•Global socio-hydrology is reflected by tracing virtual water use from source to sink.•An embodiment accounting model is developed by taking account of primary inputs.•Global virtual water transfer ...is 30% of the direct freshwater withdrawal.•Virtual water transfer in intermediate trade is 1.4 times that in final trade.•Water self-sufficiency rate by source and that by sink are devised as new indices.
To reflect a key aspect of global socio-hydrology, this paper explores global virtual water use from source of exploitation to sink of final consumption via interregional trades within the world economy as reflected by world input-output database for 2014. An embodiment accounting model is developed, which takes full account of virtual water feedbacks related to primary inputs. Global total trade volume of virtual water is estimated to be in magnitude around 30% of the global direct freshwater withdrawal. Moreover, it is revealed that global virtual water transfer in intermediate trade is in magnitude around 1.4 times that in final trade. In intermediate trade of virtual water, China, Japan and the United Kingdom turn out to be the three leading net importers, while India, Russia and the United States are revealed as the leading net exporters. In final trade of virtual water, the United States, Japan and Russia are the major net importers, in contrast to China, India and Mexico as the leading net exporters. Trade connections and imbalances of major economies in terms of virtual water are quantified and analyzed. Two new indicators in terms of water self-sufficiency rate by source and that by sink are devised. It is found that around 40% of the use of China’s freshwater withdrawal finally sinks into foreign economies while only 20% of China’s virtual water use originates from other regions. With regard to Germany, Canada and France, they behave like active pumps driving vast virtual water inflows and outflows, demonstrating their high involvement in the global supply chain in terms of virtual water. With the increasingly frequent virtual water transfer within the world economy, nations and regions ought to assess their behaviors in intermediate and final trades of virtual water for sustainable use of freshwater resources.
We address the question of how and why corporate social responsibility (CSR) differs among countries and how and why it changes. Applying two schools of thought in institutional theory, we ...conceptualize, first, the differences between CSR in the United States and Europe and, second, the recent rise of CSR in Europe. We also delineate the potential of our framework for application to other parts of the global economy.
The fourth industrial era (or Industry 4.0) refers to the recent trend of massive data collection, analysis, and communication with intense process automation. Massive studies have been conducted in ...this field, though with the main focus on technical details, hardware, and software. There remains a considerable gap in the analysis of the potential effects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on economies and management. According to recent studies, from 45% to 60% of jobs around the globe are at risk of being automated or computerized. Although new jobs such as automation engineers, programmers, data analysts, and others are being created, the economies would get a significant amount of workforce lacking the necessary qualifications. A causal model that shows the effect of increasing automation on economies has been developed and discusses potential implications. The paper suggests that economies and organizations would have to adopt “Algorithmic Management” to remain competitive in the new digital environment. This paper can be a reference, especially from an education perspective.
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