Due to the rising importance of intellectual property (IP) and increasing incidence of IP violations in today's global economy, this manuscript examines how legal and cognitive distances between MNEs ...engaged in an international IP dispute affect conflict resolution strategy choice. Even though such conflicts require some form of resolution, to date no consensus has developed with regard to what explains conflict resolution strategy choice in international IP disputes. We integrate IP, conflict management, and institutional theory literatures in testing our hypotheses on a dataset of 243 dyads consisting of 486 MNEs from 28 different countries engaged in international IP disputes. Surprisingly, we find that legal distance is positively associated with the likelihood of using negotiation (as opposed to litigation) as a conflict resolution strategy. However, cognitive distance increases reliance on litigation and at the same time weakens the effect of legal distance. This finding suggests that inherently tacit differences between home country origins may impede reaching a negotiated agreement, even though MNEs are able to bridge more formalized, codifiable, legal differences. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Compressed Development Whittaker, D. Hugh; Zhu, Tianbiao; Sturgeon, Timothy ...
Studies in comparative international development,
12/2010, Letnik:
45, Številka:
4
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In this paper we argue that the path of economic development for would-be developers has changed fundamentally since the 1980s. Focusing on East Asia, and taking a broad perspective that spans the ...economic and social dimensions of development, we contend that the path charted by the “late development” model has become all but impassible. The path is now better conceived as one of “compressed development.” Key differences are 1) the extent and consequences of compression; 2) the primary mode of engagement with the world economy—via global value chains; and 3) the interaction of these. Compressed development forces states to address a number of simultaneous challenges, resulting in “policy stretch.” We identify key features of an “adaptive state” suited to navigating the path of compressed development.
In this essay, I analyse the economic and managerial dimensions of offshoring, drawing from recent research by the McKinsey Global Institute. I argue that offshoring, like other forms of trade, ...creates enormous value for both companies and the economy as a whole. However, in the case of countries with less flexible labour markets such as Germany, findings are more nuanced. While the potential cost savings for companies from offshoring appear impressive, our research suggests that companies are leaving billions of dollars behind when they offshore. We propose several ways companies could make capital‐labour trade‐offs to create new markets and services. By maximizing gains from offshoring, companies can both cut costs and generate revenue. Given the benefits offshoring, the challenge is how to make the transition to a global economy less painful for workers and increase the participation in the wealth creation. Hence, I also identify options to help policymakers and companies manage the changes offshoring requires.
How important is human capital? Erosa, Andrés; Koreshkova, Tatyana; Restuccia, Diego
Review of economic studies/The review of economic studies,
10/2010, Letnik:
77, Številka:
4
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"We build a model of heterogeneous individuals - who make investments in schooling quantity and quality - to quantify the importance of differences in human capital vs. total factor productivity ...(TFP) in explaining the variation in per capita income across countries. The production of human capital requires expenditures and time inputs; the relative importance of these inputs determines the predictions of the theory for inequality both within and across countries. We discipline our quantitative assessment with a calibration firmly grounded on US micro evidence. Since in our calibrated model economy human capital production requires a significant amount of expenditures, TFP changes affect disproportionately the benefits and costs of human capital accumulation. Our main finding is that human capital accumulation strongly amplifies TFP differences across countries: to explain a 20-fold difference in the output per worker, the model requires a 5-fold difference in the TFP of the tradable sector, vs. an 18-fold difference if human capital is fixed across countries." Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Forschungsmethode: Theoriebildung; Grundlagenforschung; empirisch-quantitativ; empirisch. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1990 bis 1996. (author's abstract, IAB-Doku).
At a time of global economic and environmental crisis, academic and policy debates are re-emphasizing the potential of the social economy in providing an alternative development model that reconnects ...communities with their resource-base and enhances their 'resilience'. The goal of this paper is to explore this potential through a focus on the practices and values of those who are concretely involved in the social economy. Based on data collected on five community food enterprises in Oxfordshire, UK, the analysis focuses on the perceptions of social entrepreneurs in relation to the 'alternativeness' of the social economy, its potential for expansion and its resilience. The research highlights the capacity of social entrepreneurs to empower local communities through a process of collective mobilization of local resources. Theoretically, this study generates new insights into the nature and meanings of resilience as a process of creation of more self-reliant communities of people, places, tools, skills and knowledge. From a policy and practice perspective, the paper raises the need for regional development strategies that capture the gains of these isolated initiatives, particularly in relation to their innovative capacity to create a shared vision that fosters synergies between local ecological, social and economic resources.
تسببت جائحة كرونا كوفيد-١٩ في إبراز العديد من التحديات غير المسبوقة في الاقتصاد العالمي المتمثلة في الانخفاض الحاد في الناتج الاقتصادي، والزيادة الكبيرة في مستويات البطالة. يهدف هذا البحث إلى مناقشة ...آثار كوفيد-١٩ على الاقتصاد العالمي والأسواق المالية والإجراءات التي اتخذتها الحكومات والشركات لمواجهة هذه الآثار وما يمكن للاقتصاد والتمويل الإسلامي أن يقدمه لتحسين وضعية الاقتصاد الذي ما زال يعاني من آثار هذه الجائحة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، استخدم البحث كل المناهج البحث الفلسفية الاستنتاجية والاستقرائية لفهم الآثار الاقتصادية الناجمة عن كوفيد-١٩ بشكل منهجي. اعتمد التحليل في هذا البحث على بيانات متنوعة تشمل التقارير الحكومية المنشورة من قبل المنظمات الدولية، كصندوق النقد الدولي، ومنظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية، والبنك الدولي، علاوة على بيانات ثانوية أخرى ذات صلة بالموضوع. ويظهر التحليل أن الوباء قد ساهم في انخفاض حاد في الناتج الاقتصادي، وزيادة كبيرة في البطالة، وزيادة في تقلب الأسواق، وتدهور الوضع المالي للشركات، لا سيما بعض الصناعات كالطيران، والفنادق، والسياحة، والطاقة. وتشير مراجعة الإجراءات التي اتخذتها الحكومات في جميع أنحاء العالم إلى تباين في التدابير النقدية والمالية المقدمة من حيث نطاقها. وينطبق الأمر نفسه على القرارات المتخذة على مستوى الشركات. كما يكشف البحث بأن التمويل والاقتصاد الإسلامي يقدمان عددًا من الحلول لمواجهة الأثار الاقتصادية لكوفيد-١٩ من خلال مبادئه الرئيسة وأدواته الاستثمارية بما في ذلك تقاسم الأرباح والخسائر، والتكافل، والوقف.
The structural components of a state are regularly conflated with a state's national identity. In reality, however, the assumption that the boundaries of a state and its national identity are ...coterminous is problematic. While this has always been the case, changes in the ability of actors in the international system to use communication and transportation technologies to sustain transnational collective identities points to the need for new empirical research in this area. Contemporary diasporas are defined by a national or cultural identity, yet differ from nation-states in terms of their organizational and spatial logics. By comparing diaspora mobilization in two cases, we find that both non-state political entrepreneurs and state elites are using diasporic practices of identity formation as a means of generating economic and political support in an increasingly integrated global economy. This points to discontinuities between a territorially defined states system and deterritorialized practices of collective identity formation.
In the previous Review we noted that although US quarterly GDP growth, at an annualized rate, had slowed from 4.2 per cent in the second quarter of 2018 to 3.4 per cent in the third quarter of the ...year, this pace of growth was not sustainable. Rapid growth had been supported by the fiscal boost, the effectd of which was waning as time passed and the federal debt to GDP ratio has remained just over 100 per cent since late 2015. There has also been quite rapid growth of investment spending, particularly on residential construction and structures, and this was expected to moderate.
El presente artículo se propone analizar comparativamente el sector externo de Argentina y de Brasil a la luz de las transformaciones que se produjeron en la economía mundial a partir del año 2001. ...Buscaremos exponer, en primer lugar, las características de una etapa postneoliberal atendiendo a las rupturas y continuidades que ello supone. En un segundo momento buscaremos comprender los cambios en el sector externo de Argentina y Brasil desde el 2001 como actualización del vínculo con la economía mundial: el fuerte lazo comercial con China, la expansión exportadora de la industrialización de la materia prima y su procesamiento, y la rejerarquización de la cuenta corriente frente al lugar que otrora ocupó la cuenta capital como principal mediación entre ambas economías y el mercado mundial durante el neoliberalismo. De este modo, dialogando críticamente con los enfoques nacional-centrados que predominan en el campo, buscamos contribuir a la comprensión del sector externo de Argentina y Brasil.l
Working within a selection model of economic voting we propose explanations for the cross-national and dynamic variations in the magnitude of the vote that have puzzled students of comparative voting ...behavior. Our theory suggests that unexpected shocks to the economy inform the economic vote which implies that voters are able to resolve a signal extraction problem: determine the extent to which these shocks are the result of incumbent competency as opposed to exogenous shocks to the economy. We assume that voters have information on the overall variance in shocks to the macroeconomy and that they use this signal to weight the importance of economic shocks in their vote decision. Voters are also hypothesized to recognize that higher exposure to global trade influences reduces the magnitude of the incumbent competency signal. We provide empirical evidence demonstrating that voters are able to discern significant variation in macroeconomic outcomes in order to perform this signal extraction task: We analyze a six-nation survey conducted by the authors that was designed to assess whether voters are attentive to variance in economic outcomes and whether these in fact conditioned their economic vote. Secondly we examine economic time series from 19 countries over the 1979–2005 period, demonstrating that variances in the macroeconomic series explain contextual variations in the economic vote as our theory hypothesizes. Finally, the essay demonstrates that open economies, which are more subject to exogenous economic shocks, have a smaller economic vote than countries with economies less dependent on global trade.
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