•Patients with integrated HPV16 in head and neck cancer show poor survival.•The state of HPV16 has shifted from integrated to episomal.•The overall incidence of HPV in head and neck cancer has ...leveled off.
We previously reported identifying three categories of HPV16-positive head and neck tumors based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA and DNA sequence data. Category 1 had truly integrated HPV16 genomes, category 2 had simple episomal genomes, and category 3 had novel episomes that were a hybrid between viral and human DNA. Using our categorization, we investigated in this study survival of patients with integrated HPV16 tumors versus patients with episomal HPV16 tumors.
The TCGA RNA-Seq sequence reads were used to quantify HPV E2 and E7 gene expression, which was used as a marker for HPV integration.
The results demonstrate that integration is associated with poor survival; those patients with integrated HPV tumors fared no better than non-HPV tumors in their five-year survival. Integrated HPV in tumors was found strikingly to be prevalent in patients born earlier while episomal HPV was prevalent in patients born later. We also observed a fairly constant incidence of all HPV forms among head and neck cancer patients over the last eight years of this study (2006–2013).
We propose our characterization of HPV integrated and episomal state is more accurate than previous studies that may have mischaracterized the hybrid HPV-human DNA episomes as integrated. The state of integrated HPV is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Results suggest that the incidence of integrated HPV among all HPV forms peaked and is decreasing. We discuss the importance of our findings for the management of HPV positive head and neck cancer.
The article presents a comprehensive review and critical analysis of all
the documents identified to date that allow making assumptions about the year of
birth of Mikhail Andreyevich Dostoevsky – the ...writer’s father. It identifies different
methods for calculating the year of birth based on different types of documents.
The systematization of the sources shows that one group of documents indicates as
M.A. Dostoevsky’s year of birth 1788, while another 1787. The beginning of the two
traditions can be traced to two contradictory documents, equally dating back to the
records of the Podolsk Seminary in 1809. In conclusion, it is stated that the question
that gives the title to the article remains open until the discovery of the metrical
records about the birth and baptism of the writer's father.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening according to the year of birth is recommended is some countries based on epidemiological data. The aim of this study was to analyze anti-HCV prevalence among people ...born between 1905 and 2015 in Argentina. Patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 2001 to 2015, who had a determination of anti-HCV, were included. Of 22,079 patients analyzed, 1,152 (5.2%; 95% confidence interval CI: 4.9%–5.5%) patients showed positive anti-HCV and 729 (3.3%; 95% CI: 3.1%–3.5%) patients showed detectable viremia. Three risk groups were identified (HCV prevalence): low-risk group—outpatient clinics/emergencies (2.8%); intermediate-risk group—in-patients (8%); and high-risk group—dialysis/transplants (27.2%). In the low-risk group, being born in 1973 or before was identified as a cut-off value for the risk of anti-HCV acquisition (area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve: 75.1 95% asymptotic CI: 0.732–0.770;
p
< 0.001). Ninety-one patients born after 1973 (0.8%) showed positive anti-HCV versus 457 individuals born in 1973 or before (5.8%),
p
< 0.001. In this group, positive anti-HCV was observed in 252 females (2.1%) and 296 males (4.1%),
p
< 0.001. In a multivariate analysis adjusted for gender, alanine-aminotransferase levels and HIV coinfection, being born in 1973 or before was independently identified as a risk for positive anti-HCV (adjusted odds ratio: 14.234 95% CI: 9.993–20.277;
p
< 0.001). People born in 1973 or before without other risk factors should be included in screening programs to link the highest possible number of HCV-infected patients to appropriate care and treatment.
A radiocarbon (14C) dating technique with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was applied to estimate the year of death and the year of birth of unidentified human remains. Because many of the ...samples have been preserved in formaldehyde, it was necessary to evaluate the influence of formaldehyde on carbon ages. Samples intentionally preserved in formaldehyde during the known period were measured, and their Δ14C values were compared with results obtained from fresh samples. The influence of formaldehyde on soft tissue was 14 times larger than that on cortical bone. Unfortunately, an effective method for removing the influence of formaldehyde has not yet been found. 14C ages could be obtained only from the samples not preserved in formaldehyde. The years of birth were determined by the ages of the dentin samples, while the years of death were determined by the ages of the bone and soft tissue samples. Multiple sampling from a body provides an advantage in determination of one of two possible ages of a sample obtained using the bomb peak. Victims of the Korean War were ascertained by the year of death. The year of death and the age at death of unidentified bodies were also determined for forensic investigation.
► There is a positive association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and height with lower SEP individuals being shorter. ► Height varies across the 29 Indian states even after accounting for ...individual differences in SEP, with substantial variation in height remaining at the neighborhood and state levels. ► Among men, height appears to have modestly increased for all birth cohorts as compared to the 1961–1965 cohort, with smaller increases for the most recent cohorts. For women, height across birth cohorts has shown little increase. ► These results suggest that inequalities in several health outcomes for low SEP adults are reflected in inequalities in height, which can be used to represent long-term health at the population level. ► This study presents a comprehensive, empirical description of mean height differences and the underlying variation among adults in India across diverse socioeconomic, demographic, and geographically oriented groups as well as birth cohorts.
Differences in height by wealth, education, caste, geography, and birth years are examined for men and women born between 1961 and 1981 in India using data from the 2005–2006 Indian National Family Health Survey. There is a positive association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and height with lower SEP individuals being shorter. Height varies across the 29 Indian states even after accounting for individual differences in SEP, with substantial variation in height remaining at the neighborhood and state levels. Among men, height appears to have modestly increased for all birth cohorts as compared to the 1961–1965 cohort, with smaller increases for the most recent cohorts. For women, height across birth cohorts has shown little increase. These results suggest that inequalities in several health outcomes for low SEP adults may be reflected in inequalities in height, which can be used to represent long-term health at the population level. Shorter stature and slower growth among some groups may indicate that they did not experience the improvements that were assumed to have occurred across the population. This study presents a comprehensive, empirical description of mean height differences and the underlying variation among adults in India across diverse socioeconomic, demographic, and geographically oriented groups as well as birth cohorts.
Purpose
To determine the effect of age on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during a routine screening programme of first-year students enrolled in Health Sciences Studies at the ...Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2001 to 2009.
Methods
In a retrospective cohort study, data on the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status was retrieved from the University Health Service and analysed according to the age of the student at testing and year of birth.
Results
Of the 2,688 students enrolled in the study group, 79 (2.9 %) tested positive for HBsAg. The prevalence increased significantly from 0.9, 2.3, 4.3 to 5.5 % for those tested at age ≤18, 19, 20 and ≥ 21 years, respectively (
p
< 0.001). On logistic regression analysis, taking age ≤18 years and year of birth before 1983 (before the availability of HBV vaccination) as the reference group, HBV infection increased progressively with age, with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.36 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01–11.23, 6.04 (95 % CI 1.74–20.98) and 11.61 (95 % CI 3.20–42.13) for age 19, 20 and ≥21 years, respectively. There was no significant change in the odds ratio after adjustment for the year of birth before and after introduction of the vaccination programme.
Conclusion
Among the university students enrolled in our study, the overall prevalence of HBV infection before and after the introduction of HBV vaccination was lower than the 10 % found in the general population. There was, however, a significant progressive increase with age at testing from ≤18 to ≥21 years, suggesting a previously overlooked contribution of horizontal transmission to the high prevalence of HBV infection found in our adult population.
Using data on illiteracy rate obtained from the survey of the reading and writing ability of the Japanese in 1948, we analyzed the relationship between illiteracy rate and year of birth. Referring to ...the S-curve theory of language change and the concept of diachronic change analysis using apparent time, logistic regression analysis was conducted with illiteracy rate as the objective variable and year of birth and place of residence (urban or rural) as explanatory variables. The analysis revealed an inverse S-curve relationship between illiteracy rate and year of birth, with the illiteracy rate decreasing with later year of birth (younger age at the time of the survey, with a lower limit of 15 years). The main reason for this is thought to be the increase in the rate of elementary school enrollment over time, which was linked to the introduction of free compulsory education. The analysis also showed that the inverse S-shaped curve of the illiteracy rate in the rural area overlaps with the inverse S-shaped curve in the urban area when the time of six years is shifted parallel to the left along the horizontal axis of the graph (year of birth).
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