Introdução-O aleitamento materno promove vantagens para a criança, mulher e sociedade. Entretanto as taxas de amamentação, principalmente o aleitamento materno exclusivo estão abaixo dos níveis ...desejados em diversos países. A identificação dos determinantes da interrupção precoce e a quantificação da interação destes fatores é crucial para estabelecer, avaliar e promover políticas públicas em prol das práticas de amamentação. Objetivo-Estimar os efeitos dos fatores associados à prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo, predominante e continuado no primeiro e segundo anos de vida em países da América Latina e Caribe no período de 2000 a 2016. Métodos-Foram utilizados microdados coletados no projeto Monitoring and Evaluation to Assess and Use Results Demographic and Health Survey. Para complementar as informações foram recolhidos dados agregados do World Bank. Os indicadores analisados foram aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME), aleitamento materno predominante (AMP) e aleitamento materno continuado (AMC) no primeiro e segundo anos de vida; os valores foram expressos em prevalência e estratificados por quintos de riqueza. Selecionou-se o último inquérito disponível de cada país da América Latina e Caribe com dados entre os anos de 2000 e 2016. As variáveis foram selecionadas segundo disponibilidade e enquadramento no modelo conceitual proposto por ROLLINS et al. (2016). O modelo utilizado no estudo foi elegido após análise com Regressão de Poisson e, posteriormente, foi realizada análise logística multinível de efeitos mistos para quantificar o efeito de cada determinante do efeito fixo ajustado pelo efeito randômico. Resultados-A variação das prevalências dos indicadores foi de 7,4% a 60,3% no AME, 13,9% a 71% no AMP, 35,0% a 86,6%no AMC no primeiro ano e 18,9% a 55,0% no AMC no segundo ano de vida. Bolívia e Guatemala se destacam por apresentar as maiores taxas de AME, 60,3% e 54,2%, respectivamente. Os países apresentaram maior prevalência dos indicadores nos quintos inferiores de renda, destacando-se as associações do padrão de aumento da magnitude do efeito negativo à medida que o quinto de renda aumenta. O AME e AMP se associaram diretamente à \"amamentação na primeira hora\", \"estado conjugal\" e \"queria o último filho; \"idade materna\" e \"status de trabalho\" se associaram inversamente aos indicadores AMC no 1º e 2º anos de vida. Na análise de efeitos mistos, os indicadores AME e AMP se associaram diretamente a \"amamentação na primeira hora\" e \"estado conjugal\" e inversamente às variáveis \"local do parto\" e \"status de trabalho\". A escolaridade materna apresentou associação inversa com os indicadores AMP, AMC no 1º e 2º anos de vida e o quinto de riqueza apresentou associação inversa com todos os indicadores estudados. O AME apresenta maior variância explicada pelo nível individual, enquanto o AMC no 2º ano de vida sofre grande influência pelo nível contextual (8,99e-15% e 69,7%, respectivamente). Conclusão-As variáveis relacionadas ao indivíduo foram as que melhor explicaram a variância do modelo para o AME, AMP e AMC no 1º ano de vida. As variáveis relacionadas ao contexto explicam maior variabilidade da prevalência do AMC no 2º ano de vida, exibindo a maior interferência do PIB e de influências de âmbito nacional.
Introduction-Breastfeeding promotes benefits for the child, woman and society. However, breastfeeding rates, especially exclusive breastfeeding, are below desired levels in many countries. The identification of the determinants of the interruption precociated and the quantification of interaction factors are crucial to establish, evaluate and promote public policies in breastfeeding practices. Objective-Estimate the effects of factors associated with the prevalence of exclusive, predominant and continued breastfeeding in the first and second years of life in Latin American and Caribbean countries from 2000 to 2016.Methods- We used microdata collected in the project Monitoring and Evaluation to Assess and Use Results Demographic and Health Survey. In addition to the information, aggregated World Bank data was collected. The indicators analyzed were exclusive breastfeeding (EB), predominant breastfeeding (PB) and continuous breastfeeding (CB) in the first and second years of life; the values were expressed in prevalence and stratified by quintiles of wealth. The last available survey of each Latin American and Caribbean country with data between the years 2000 and 2016 was selected. The variables were selected according to availability and framing in the conceptual model proposed by ROLLINS et. al. (2016). The model used in the study was chosen after analysis with Poisson Regression and later, multi-level mixed-effects logistic analysis was performed to quantify the effect of each determinant of the fixed effect adjusted by the random effect. Results- The prevalence of indicators ranged from 7.4% to 60.3% EB, 13.9% to 71% in PB, 35.0% to 86.6% in CB in the first year, and 18.9% to 55.0% in CB in the second year of life. Bolivia and Guatemala stand out for having the highest rates of EB, 60.3% and 54.2%, respectively. The countries presented a higher prevalence of indicators in the lower quintiles of income, especially the associations of the pattern of increase of the magnitude of the negative effect as the fifth of income increases. EB and PB were directly associated with \"first-time breastfeeding\", \"marital status\" and \"wanted the last child; \"maternal age\" and \"work status\" were inversely associated with the CB indicators in the 1st and 2nd years of life. In the mixed effects analysis, the EB and PB indicators were directly associated with \"first-hour breastfeeding\" and \"marital status\" and inversely to the variables \"place of birth\" and \"work status\".The maternal schooling presented an inverse association with the PB, CB indicators in the 1st and 2nd years of life, and the fifth of the wealth had an inverse association with all the indicators studied. The EB shows greater variance explained by the individual level, while the CB in the second year of life suffers great influence at the contextual level (8.99e-15% and 69.7%, respectively). Conclusion- The variables related to the individual were the ones that best explained the variance of the model for EB, PB and CB in the 1st year of life. The variables related to the context explain a greater variability of the prevalence of CB in the second year of life, showing the greater interference of GDP and national influences.
Scarborough Di: thinkanalytics co: Ogilvie Munro Corporate Finance/Dundas & Wilson Uk Smart restructuring of bank facility with Clydesdale Bank, pounds 13m metering Group ltd Glasgow, with extension ...and increase to existing facility. Debt Glasgow Di: Uk Smart metering Group co: Deloitte/Dickson Minto cB: Addleshaw Goddard october 2010 cl World Brands ltd refinancing of debt with Clico Investment Bank, >pounds 10m East Kilbride Trinidad, in connection with a group restructuring. Debt Di: Brodies co: Brodies Bank: Pollonais BdeB & Jacelon exova ltd euro bond issue by this laboratory testing and advice pounds 155m Newbridge provider, co-sponsored and managed by Barclays Bank Bond issue and the Royal Bank of Scotland, London. Di: reservoir Group co: PricewaterhouseCoopers/Maclay Murray & Spens Banks: Paull & Williamsons SBS marine ltd refinancing by way of a term loan facility provided c. pounds 36.57m Aberdeen by DvB Bank SE, Norway. (US$54.85m) Di: SBS marine co: Wersholm/Paull & Williamsons DvB: Vogt & Wiig touch Bionics ltd Working capital provided to this upper limb pounds 2.5m Edinburgh prosthetics company by Clydesdale Bank, Glasgow, to support future growth and term loan repayment. Di: clydesdale Bank cB: Metis Partners i: Johnston Carmichael/Campbell D Joss Wcc europe Sarl refinancing of this European property investment N/D Luxembourg company and WCC Germany Sarl, Germany, plus Cash/Refinancing other group companies in the form of a further equity investment by West Coast Capital, Dundonald, Lloyds Banking Group, Edinburgh and Paris, and Bluetouch Investments, Cyprus, plus refinancing of debt facilities by Anglo Irish Bank, Ireland. Principal & Location Details of Deals Price & how Deal Initiators & Advisors involved satisfied Pilmuir holdings rebanking and provision of new facility to this pounds 0.8m Group ltd fresh fruit and vegetable company by Clydesdale Debt/Loan/Glasgow Bank, Glasgow. Securities Di: Pilmuir holdings Group co: Macdonald Henderson Qmh ltd refinancing of the senior debt in this owner and >pounds 0.5m Romford operator of Holiday Inn, Crowne Plaza and Best Western Loan hotels in the UK via subsidiary QMH Finance Number 1 Ltd, Romford, by Clydesdale Bank, London. Di: Qmh cB: Allen & Overy/Brodies Springfield Funding provided to this housebuilding and >pounds 10m Properties ltd construction firm by HSBC, Aberdeen. Loan Elgin Di: Springfield Properties Advisors not disclosed. tesco Property Securitisation (commercial mortgage-backed) pounds 685.1m Finance 4 Plc involving the issue of pounds 685.1m secured 5.8006 per cent Bond Issue London bonds due 2040, with Tesco Plc, Cheshunt, acting as swap provider and guarantor, and Goldman Sachs International, London, as joint lead arranger. Di: tesco tPF4: Berwin Leighton Paisner GSi: Allen & Overy/Tods Murray March 2011 Banks renewables Funding provided to this renewable energy company pounds 9m (hazlehead Wind and subsidiary of Banks Renewables Ltd, Durham, by Development funding Farm) ltd The Co-operative Bank, Manchester, to part-fund the Durham construction of a three-turbine wind farm west of Barnsley.
MOSCOW, July 8 (Itar-Tass) - The Russian government and Central Bank (CB) on Thursday will sign a joint statement on Russia's financial and economic policy, CB chairman Viktor Gerashchenko told ...reporters. The government and the bank had a concluding meeting with International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank officials on Wednesday, that resulted in some "final stylistic corrections."
The Russian government and Central Bank (CB) on Thursday will sign a joint statement on Russia's financial and economic policy, CB chairman Viktor Gerashchenko told reporters. The government and the ...bank had a concluding meeting with International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank officials on Wednesday, that resulted in some "final stylistic corrections." On Thursday morning, after a final reading of the document at the office of Mikhail Zadornov, the president's envoy for ties with international financial organisations, the statement will be ready for signing, Gerashchenko said.
M O S C O W - Russian President Boris Yeltsin on Thursday will meet a group of Russian Armed Forces senior officers. The meeting will take place in the Kremlin. As Itar-Tass has learned, the officers ...will be presented to the president in a ceremony in the Kremlin's Yekaterininsky Hall. M O S C O W - The Russian government and Central Bank (CB) on Thursday will sign a joint statement on Russia's financial and economic policy, CB chairman Viktor Gerashchenko told reporters. The government and the bank had a concluding meeting with International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank officials on Wednesday, that resulted in some "final stylistic corrections." On Thursday morning, after a final reading of the document at the office of Mikhail Zadornov, the president's envoy for ties with international financial organisations, the statement will be ready for signing, Gerashchenko said.