The presence of chromium (Cr) in cultivated fields affects carbohydrate metabolism of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and weakens its productivity. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of sucrose metabolism underlying Cr stress response in rice plants. In the present study, the transcriptome map of sucrose metabolism in rice seedlings exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent chromium was investigated using Agilent 4 × 44K rice microarray analysis. Results indicated that Cr exposure (3 days) significantly (p < 0.05) improved sucrose accumulation, and altered the activities of sucrose synthetase, sucrose phosphate phosphatase, and amylosynthease in rice tissues. We identified 119 differentially regulated genes involved in 17 sucrose metabolizing enzymes and found that gene responses in roots were significantly (p < 0.05) stronger than in shoots under both Cr­(III) and Cr­(VI) treatment. The network maps of gene regulation responsible for sucrose metabolism in rice plants provide a theoretical basis for further cultivating Cr-resistant rice cultivars through molecular genetic improvement.