Background.Tuberculous meningitis occurs more commonly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals than in HIV-uninfected individuals, but whether HIV infection alters the presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis is unknown MethodsWe performed a prospective comparison of the presenting clinical features and response to treatment in 528 adults treated consecutively for tuberculous meningitis (96 were infected with HIV and 432 were uninfected with HIV) in 2 tertiary-care referral hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Logistic regression was used to model variables associated independently with HIV infection, 9-month survival, and the likelihood of having a relapse or an adverse drug event. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to compare survival rates and times to fever clearance, coma clearance, relapse, and adverse events ResultsHIV infection did not alter the neurological presentation of tuberculous meningitis, although additional extrapulmonary tuberculosis was more likely to occur in HIV-infected patients. The 9-month survival rate was significantly decreased in HIV-infected patients (relative risk of death from any cause, 2.91 95% confidence interval, 2.14–3.96; P<.001), although the times to fever clearance and coma clearance and the number or timing of relapses or adverse drug events were not significantly different between the groups ConclusionsHIV infection does not alter the neurological features of tuberculous meningitis but significantly reduces the survival rate