Twenty-four potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties differing in ripening groups (early, middle-early, and mid-season-ripening) were studied. Potatoes were grown under the conditions of the Middle Volga region of Russia in 2019–2021. It was found statistically that the yield (t/ha) of the early and mid-season-ripening varieties was negatively correlated with the increase in average temperatures during the growing season from May to August ( R = –0.97, p = 0.04). Soil moisture content at a depth of 20 cm was positively correlated with the yield of middle-early varieties ( R = 0.97, p = 0.04). The average tuber weight in the early varieties was sensitive to the increase in average temperatures ( R = –0.95, p = 0.04). An increase in soil moisture content was beneficial to the average tuber weight ( R = 0.98, p = 0.04), though only in the middle-early and mid-season-ripening groups. However, the soil moisture content and the tuber numbers in the mid-season-ripening varieties were negatively correlated ( R = –0.96, p = 0.05).