On September 25, 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a 17-goal action plan to transform the world by the year 2030, ushering in the Era of Sustainable Development. These Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were designed to continue where the preceding Millennium Development Goals left off, expanding on the Millennium Development Goal successes, and facing the challenges encountered during the previous decade and a half. The current Era of Sustainable Development and its impact on a breadth of neurosurgical concerns provide several unprecedented opportunities to enhance political prioritization of neurosurgical care equity. Neurosurgeons could therefore be well positioned to participate in the leadership of these global health development and policy reform efforts. Each of the 17 SDGs was reviewed and analyzed for its relevance to the public health aspects of neurosurgery. The analysis was guided by a review of the literature performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the databases of the World Health Organization. Among the 17 SDGs, 14 were found to be of direct or indirect relevance to neurosurgeons and neurosurgical care delivery. Results of this analysis are presented and discussed, and recommendations are provided for using this knowledge to inform the emerging discipline of global neurosurgery. This article contributes to the global neurosurgery movement by providing the socially and globally conscious neurosurgeon with a compass for directing the place of neurosurgery in the international agenda for sustainable development. •This article considers the relevance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to neurosurgeons.•The emerging field of global neurosurgery is placed in the context of the UN agenda for global transformation by 2030.•A role for neurosurgeon leadership is suggested in global health equity, policy, and advocacy in matters of social justice.