Bioactive compounds have gained increasing attention for their health benefits. However, the instability of bioactive compounds during food processing and storage, and low bioavailability or chemical instability when exposed to upper gastrointestinal tract conditions significantly compromised the envisioned benefits, thus limiting their applications. Electrospinning has been recognized as a promising method to encapsulate bioactive compounds since it does not involve any severe conditions of temperature, pressure, or harsh chemicals. Therefore, the nanofibers produced by electrospinning have attracted particular attention in food industry due to the potential as vehicle for the encapsulation and controlled delivery or release of bioactive compounds. Electrospinning is a novel delivery approach for bioactive compounds, it opens a new horizon in food technology with the possibility of commercialization in the near future. This paper presents a brief summary of electrospinning, and its application in encapsulation different types of bioactive compounds by biopolymer matrixes are also highlighted. Further, the existing limitations and scope for future research are discussed. Recently, considerable studies have been carried out in encapsulation of bioactive compounds using electrospinning. The obtained nanofilm could enhance stability, encapsulation efficiency and oral bioavailability of bioactive compounds, as well as achieve targeted delivery and controlled release, thus facilitating the development of functional foods. •Overview of electrospinning techniqueand its advantages.•Applications of electrospun biopolymer fibers in encapsulation of small molecules.•Applications of electrospunbiopolymer fibers in encapsulation of macromolecules.