Data from China’s Ministry of Civil Affairs show that more than 75% of the country’s poor live in rural areas. Therefore, to achieve the goal of poverty alleviation by 2020, the problem of rural poverty requires urgent attention. Based on the entropy method, we herein assess the level of poverty vulnerability in each province in China to guide the direction of future poverty alleviation efforts. In addition, based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index method and the grey relational analysis method, we studied the effects and contributions of rural poverty incidence, rural agricultural outcomes per capita, the proportion of agricultural outcomes, gross domestic product per capita, and total population on rural poverty. We found that, when it comes to natural resources, human resources, physical assets, financial assets, and social resources, the most vulnerable areas are concentrated in western China. We suggest the government pay close attention to the interests of individuals in this region to balance economic development, distribute the benefits of economic development to the rural poor, and narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas.