Straw returning is an important measurement to determine the utilization of straw resources. Understanding the decomposition process and nutrient release process of straw is of great significance to the efficient utilization of straw resources and the sustainable development of the agricultural economy. In this study, the literature published in the CNKI and WOS from 2002 to 2022 was used as the data pool, and a keyword co-occurrence network map was drawn with the CiteSpace (6.2.R4) software. Visual analyses were based on the straw returning literature (1998 articles) and straw decomposition agent literature (125 articles), and the decomposition and nutrient release of straw under the action of a decomposition agent were analyzed using a straw decomposition characterization experiment. In general, returning straw can effectively improve soil fertility conditions and provide nutrients for crop growth, and the use of a straw decomposition agent can further improve soil conditions and increase crop yield. The straw decomposition characterization experiment further showed that Pseudomonas could effectively increase the decomposition rate and increase the nutrient release rate of straw. According to the above results, determining how to improve the utilization efficiency of straw resources via decomposable bacteriological agents according to local conditions will become a research hotspot in the future.