•Impact of sample preparation technique on visualized microstructure constituents.•Evolution of microstructure and primary carbides during heat treatment.•Characterization of sub-micron primary carbides with EBSD single-spot measurements.•Primary carbides MC, M2C and M6C in investigated dual hardening steel. Dual hardening steels combine precipitation of both secondary hardening carbides and intermetallic phases in a martensitic matrix. Due to this combination, the carbon content necessary to achieve high hardness levels can be reduced, resulting in a decreased amount of large and embrittling carbides. In this study, the influence of different heat treatments on microstructure evolution and secondary hardness is investigated. Different metallographic preparation methods were tested in order to visualize the microstructure. Carbides were characterized using spot-pattern electron backscatter diffraction. For light optical investigations, preparation with V2A-pickle lead to the best results. Preparation with colloidal silica suspension achieved the best results for investigations by scanning electron microscopy and for carbide characterization using electron backscatter diffraction. It was found that a homogenization treatment prior to austenitization was unable to increase the amount of dissolved carbides, and thus had no effect on secondary hardness. By increasing the austenitization temperature, the amount of carbides and secondary hardness could be increased significantly.